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Welcome to our guide on Sino-Korean numbers! You will learn the basics, like counting from 1 to 10, how to form large numbers, and when to use this number system.

You’ve probably seen Sino-Korean numbers before, they look like this:

1: 일 (il)

2: 이 (i)

3: 삼 (sam)

4: 사 (sa)

5: 오 (o)

This guide will cover all of the Sino-Korean numbers and how they are used in real-life scenarios. We’ll also give you the next steps after you learn this number system.

Let’s get to it!

Quick Summary

There are two number systems used in Korea: The Sino-Korean and Native Korean number systems.

Each number system has different purposes. The Sino-Korean numbers are mainly used for things like reading dates, money or prices, minutes and seconds, or phone numbers in Korean.

We recommend learning Sino-Korean before Native Korean numbers because they are simpler to pronounce and easier to remember.

The Native Korean number system goes up to 99, but Sino-Korean numbers go from 0 to infinity.

Basic Sino-Korean Numbers (1-10)

Here are Sino-Korean numbers from 1 to 10 with romanization in parenthesis.

1: 일 (il)

2: 이 (i)

3: 삼 (sam)

4: 사 (sa)

5: 오 (o)

6: 육 (yuk)

7: 칠 (chil)

8: 팔 (pal)

9: 구 (gu)

10: 십 (sip)

Here are the numbers with example sentences. We’ve included the romanization in parenthesis and the pronunciation guide in brackets.

Note: The numbers are often written in Arabic numerals:

1: 일 (il) – [eel]

1분이면 돼요. (ilbunimyeon dwaeyo)

It’ll only take a minute.

2: 이 (i) – [ee]

화장실은 2층에 있어요. (hwajangsireun icheunge isseoyo)

The bathroom is on the second floor.

3: 삼 (sam) – [sahm]

우리 팀이 3점을 얻었다. (uri timi samjeomeul eodeotda)

Our team got three points.

4: 사 (sa) – [sah]

이 행사는 4개 국가에서 동시에 열린다. (i haengsaneun sagae gukgaeseo dongsie yeollinda)

The event is held simultaneously in four countries.

5: 오 (o) – [oh]
오 분만 기다려줄래? (o bunman gidaryeojullae?)

Can you wait for 5 minutes?

6: 육 (yuk) – [yook]
6 빼기 2는 4이다. (yuk ppaegi ineun saida)

Six minus two is four.

7: 칠 (chil) – [chil]
오늘 최고 온도는 영상 칠 도입니다. (oneul choego ondoneun yeongsang chil doimnida)

The highest temperature today is 7 degrees.

8: 팔 (pal) – [pahl]
8월에 계획 있어요? (palwore gyehoek isseoyo?)

Do you have any plans for August?

9: 구 (gu) – [goo]
지하철 9호선을 타세요. (jihacheol guhoseoneul taseyo)

Take the subway line number 9.

10: 십 (sip) – [ship]

십 킬로미터를 달려본 적 있어요? (sip killomiteoreul dallyeobon jeok isseoyo?)

Have you ever run ten kilometers?

Forming Double-Digit Numbers (11-99)

Heading on to the next level, let’s learn how to count the double-digit numbers.

How to form numbers 11 through 19

Numbers 11 through 19 are formed by adding the numbers 1 through 9 after the word for ten (십, sip).

Pattern: Ten (십) + number

Here’s how it’s done:

11: 십일 (sip-il) – Ten (십) + One (일)

12: 십이 (sip-i) – Ten (십) + Two (이)

13: 십삼 (sip-sam) – Ten (십) + Three (삼)

14: 십사 (sip-sa) – Ten (십) + Four (사)

15: 십오 (sip-o) – Ten (십) + Five (오)

16: 십육 (sip-yuk) – Ten (십) + Six (육)

17: 십칠 (sip-chil) – Ten (십) + Seven (칠)

18: 십팔 (sip-pal) – Ten (십) + Eight (팔)

19: 십구 (sip-gu) – Ten (십) + Nine (구)

The pattern for creating numbers 20 through 99

For numbers from 20 to 99, simply combine the tens (20, 30, 40, etc.) with the units (1 through 9).

For each ten from 20 onwards, use the Sino-Korean number for the multiplier of ten.

Pattern: number + Ten (십)

For example:

20: 이십 (i-sip) – Two (이) + Ten (십)

30: 삼십 (sam-sip) – Three (삼) + Ten (십)

90: 구십 (gu-sip) – Nine (구) + Ten (십)

For numbers between the tens, you add the unit number (1 through 9) to each ten.

Pattern: number + Ten (십) + number

For example:

25: 이십오 (isip-o) – Two (이) + Ten (십) + Five (오) -> + Twenty (이십) + Five (오)

34: 삼십사 (samsip-sa) – Three (삼) + Ten (십) + Four (사) -> Thrirty (삼십) + Four (사)

97: 구십칠 (gusip-chil) – Nine (구) + Ten (십) + Seven (칠) -> Ninety (구십) + Seven (칠)

How to Count Large Numbers in Sino-Korean

Here are the counting units for hundreds, thousands, and beyond in Sino-Korean.

• Hundreds (백, baek)

백 (baek) is used for the number 100, and the number before 백 indicates the hundreds. For example, 삼백 (sam-baek) is 300, with 삼 for 3.

• Thousands (천, cheon)

The number 1000 is 천 (cheon), and the number before 천 indicates the thousands. For example, 2,000 is 이천 (icheon), where 이 is 2.

• Ten Thousand (만, man)

만 (man) represents 10,000 and is a unique unit in Korean. Larger numbers are usually grouped in units of 만 instead of thousands. For example, 50,000 is 오만 (o-man).

• Hundred Millions (억, eok)

100 million is 억 (eok) in sino-Korean. For larger sums, combine numbers with 억. For example, 400 million is 사억 (sa-eok).

• Trillions (조, jo)

조 represents 1 trillion (1,000,000,000,000). 6 trillion is 육조 (yuk-jo), where 육 is 6.

What is the difference between Sino and Native Korean numbers?

The difference between the two systems is in their uses. Sino-Korean Numbers are used for dates, minutes, and telling phone numbers and addresses and are common in formal documents.

Native Korean Numbers are used for counting objects, ages, and hours of the day.

Another difference is the range they cover. Native Korean numbers only go up to 99. However, Sino-Korean numbers can go up to very large numbers, making them suitable for expressing quantities in the thousands, millions, and beyond. For this reason, Sino-Korean is the Korean counting system used in Korean currency, which is often in large numbers.

History of Sino-Korean numbers

Sino-Korean words come from Chinese characters. Over a thousand years ago, Chinese characters were introduced to Korea through extensive cultural and political exchanges.

This led to the adoption of Chinese characters (Hanja) in the Korean language. Sino-Korean system includes words from Chinese characters and is used in various parts of daily life.

When to use Sino-Korean numbers

Now that you know each of the Sino-Korean numbers. Here is a list of uses of this Korean number system.

• Day and month
• Phone number and address (street and floor number)
• Minutes and seconds
• Counting money
• Sports scores
• Measurements and temperatures
• Mathematical operations

Which Korean number system should I learn first?

In our Inner Circle course, we recommend learning Sino-Korean before Native Korean numbers because they are simpler to pronounce and easier to remember. For example, the Sino-Korean number 5, or 오 (o), is easier to say and remember than its Native Korean counterpart, 다섯 (daseot).

Sino-Korean numbers are also more commonly used.

Practical Applications of Sino-Korean Numbers

In practical use, Sino-Korean numbers can express large quantities, especially with money and statistics. For example, 만 (10,000) is particularly common in everyday contexts, especially in pricing, salary discussions, and budgeting.

It is essential to understand these units when dealing with financial, statistical, and historical information in Korean.

Counting Money and Making Transactions

When talking about prices, paying the bill, or receiving change, Sino-Korean numbers are used. For example, if something costs 5,500 KRW, you would say 오천오백 원, and 20,000 KRW (Korean Won) is 이만 원.

Another example is 3,500,000 KRW is expressed as in Korean 삼백오십만 원 (sam-baek-o-ship-man won), and the large unit of 만 is emphasized for clarity.

Using Sino-Korean Numbers for Dates and Time

Years: These large units can be used for telling years. For example, one might describe a historical event that happened in 조선시대, 천팔백육십이 년 (Joseon Dynasty, 1862).

Dates: Koreans use Sino-Korean numbers when talking about the year, month, or day. For example, February 15th, 2024, is 이천이십사 년 이 월 십오 일 (2024년 2월 5일).

Time: For hours, you can use the native Korean numbers, but for minutes and seconds, you use Sino-Korean numbers. For example, 1:15 PM is 오후 한 시 십오 분 (오후 1시 15분).

Sino-Korean Numbers in Addresses and Phone Numbers

Address: You can use Sino-Korean numbers to state the building number and zip code. For example, 서울특별시 강남구 테헤란로 152 번지 (152 Teheran-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul).

Phone Numbers: Sino-Korean numbers are used when giving phone numbers. For example, 010-1234-5678 is 공일공 일이삼사 오육칠팔.

Statistics

A city’s population can also be described using these units, like 일억 이천만 명 (120 million people; il-eok i-man myeong).

조 (trillions) is often used to describe a country’s GDP, e.g., 삼백조 원 (300 trillion won; sam-baek-jo won).

Tips and Tricks for Learning Sino-Korean Numbers

Learn Sino-Korean numbers with some effective strategies. Here are tips, memory aids, common pitfalls to avoid, and ways to apply Sino-Korean numbers to your daily life:

Memory Aids for Remembering Sino-Korean Numbers

Rhymes and Songs: Create or find rhymes and songs that include Sino-Korean numbers. Music can make it easier to remember the sequence of numbers. You can look for Korean children’s songs or educational videos online. Here is an example:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U5DgmvJRyaM

Grouping: Break down the numbers into groups (1-10, 10-20, etc.) and focus on one group before moving on to the next.

Flashcards: Practicing the numbers randomly using flashcards helps with recall and recognition.

Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them

Numbers that have similar sounds, like 이십 (20) and 십이 (12), can be confusing when quickly said in conversation. To overcome this, expose yourself as much as possible to spoken Korean through media or listening exercises. This can help to develop an ear to distinguish the nuances of pronunciation.

Pronunciation practice with audio recordings is also helpful for this. Focusing on pronunciation differences of each number in your own speech will help to build a strong foundation.

Incorporating Sino-Korean Numbers into Daily Practice

Practicing every day is the best way to enhance your knowledge of Sino-Kiorean numbers.

Every day, write down today’s date in the Sino-Korean number system and say it out loud. It will only take 10 minutes, but if you do it for weeks and months, it will help you remember the words.

Label everyday items around your house with tags that have prices written in KRW. This will help you get used to seeing and reading numbers in Sino-Korean.

We also recommend paying close attention to how numbers are used in different contexts when engaging Korean media, such as dates on the news or prices in reality shows.

Interactive Exercises and Practice

Here are some strategies and ideas for practicing Sino-Korean numbers interactively, with practice scenarios and resources for further learning.

Interactive games and quizzes to reinforce learning

Flashcards: Apps like Anki or Quizlet to create or find decks specifically for Sino-Korean numbers. These can include audio clips for pronunciation practice.

Language Learning Apps: Use interactive language exercise apps such as Duolingo, Rosetta Stone, and Memrise to retain your learning of Korean numbers.

Online Quizzes: By taking quizzes on websites like Sporcle and PurposeGames. you can test your knowledge in a fun and interactive way.

Practice scenarios for using Sino-Korean numbers in real-life situations

In the Market: Imagine you’re in a Korean market. Practice how you would ask for prices and quantities using Sino-Korean numbers. For example, “이것 얼마예요?” (How much is this?) and respond with a price, “천오백 원이에요.” (It’s 1,500 won).

Telling Time: Practice setting alarms or telling time to a friend using Sino-Korean numbers. For example, “지금은 오후 두시 삼십분입니다.” (It’s 2:30 PM now).

Phone number exchange: Practice exchanging, writing, and saying phone numbers with a friend or a study buddy using Sino-Korean numbers.

Planning an event: when planning your next meeting with your friend or date, write down the date and time using Sino-Korean numbers. For example, “오월 이십삼일 오전 아홉시 삼십분 (May 23rd, 9:30 AM)” .

Cooking in Korean: when cooking, try using Sino-Korean numbers to measure ingredients (grams, milliliters).

Resources for further practice and learning

YouTube: Look for channels that offer free lessons on Korean numbers and many other topics. Through comments and community engagement, you can practice interactively.

Language Exchange: Platforms like Tandem and HelloTalk allow you to practice Korean with native speakers who can help you with numbers and other aspects of the language in exchange for helping them with your native language.

What to do after learning the Sino-Korean Number System

After learning the Sino-Korean Number System, you can familiarize yourself with the Native Korean Number System. This is used for ages, counting objects, and ordinal numbers in daily conversations. Knowing both number systems and when to use them can enhance your ability to communicate effectively in various contexts in Korean.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Sino-Korean numbers are important when speaking and understanding Korean, as they are used in everyday situations like talking about dates, money, and phone numbers. It can seem difficult to learn at first, but with regular practice and use in your daily life, it will get easier and become more natural.

Whether through games, quizzes, or talking to yourself or with your study buddies, we encourage you to keep practicing. What questions do you have about Sino-Korean numbers? Let us know in the comments below!

The post Sino-Korean Numbers: A Comprehensive Guide for Beginners appeared first on 90 Day Korean.

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Have you ever considered the idea of working at a Korean company? If yes, then one of the things that you should know is that going overtime is normal in Korea.

That’s just one, but we will be sharing a few more important things to know if you’re planning to work in Korea below. Read on!

Quick Summary

Before we go into the lesson, here’s a preview of what you’ll be learning.

Working in a Korean company means you’d most likely have to arrive early and go home late because punctuality and working overtime are deeply ingrained in Korean work culture.

Hanging out with coworkers after work can help you become closer friends outside of work.

If you want to get along well with others at work, learning and adjusting to cultural cues like nunchi and jeong will be very helpful.

8 important things to know when working in Korea

It is important to know the following things when you work at a Korean company.

#01. Don’t be late and get accustomed to working overtime

You really do not want to be late even one minute for your job, as that will easily get noticed and thus get you in trouble. In fact, you may want to prefer to show up even 10 minutes early. Additionally, you may already be familiar with the concept that Koreans often tend to stay at work for at least one more hour after their work time has officially ended for the day. So, be prepared to do that!

However, before you get all stressed out, not every company adheres to this unspoken rule. Especially modern, newer companies with younger top personnel don’t consider this a requirement. This doesn’t mean you actually have so much work to do you can’t get out on time.

Instead, you may find yourself taking online courses, planning vacations, reading news, and whatnot while on the clock, just to make the time pass until it’s OK to leave.

Do pay notice, though, that even when it is not required, many Korean employees tend to stay overtime, that’s how deeply ingrained this is in Korean work culture. This overtime notion often comes from the fact that workers feel obligated to stay until their supervisors have also left the office for the day.

Don’t forget to anticipate unpaid overtime and the expectations that come with your first job, as these are common in South Korean work environments. In a few years, you’ll probably get used to the unique aspects of South Korean culture and thrive in your career.

2. Get ready to spend time with your co-workers after work

Besides staying late in the office, it is also incredibly common for co-workers to go out together for food, drinks, and karaoke after work hours. They are often regarded as mandatory to attend for at least one round, although less so at modern companies with younger leaders.

How these after-work dinners are conducted depends entirely on the company and possibly even the team and department within a company. Some teams may go out for these dinners once a week, while for others, it’s more of a special occasion that is held once a month.

Also, with the emergence of newer companies with more modern ways of thinking, some teams may opt to enjoy lunch together instead of dinner and drinks.

3. Personal relationships between co-workers are encouraged

Something that perhaps becomes clear from the previous point already is that in every Korean office, having close interpersonal relationships with your colleagues is a treasured concept.

Within Korean companies, it is believed that trust between employees is one of the most important things, contributing to a strong team player dynamic.

In other words, it may not be possible to keep your work and personal life as separated in Korea as you might be able to do in another country. Building friendships with your colleagues is also one way in which you are showing your commitment to the company and fostering a healthy work-life balance.

However, while these relationships are encouraged, you must still remember to take into account each colleague’s office rank, especially in South Korea. If they rank higher than you, you’ll need to keep in mind the additional layer of respect that comes with it.

4. Cultural concepts stand strong within Korean companies

We’ve already learned about Korean concepts before. This means unspoken concepts that drive behavior patterns, like nunchi, gibun, and jeong. They are strongly present in every Korean’s daily life.

Thus, they also act accordingly in the workplace. This essentially means trying to show oneself to others in a particular light, putting harmony with others above all else, having a high level of situational awareness, and so on.

Many of these cultural concepts are similarly present in other Asian cultures, so it is incredibly important to be aware of them before stepping into the office. Of course, just because you want these concepts to guide your behavior in the workplace doesn’t mean you need to give up your identity or personality to them entirely.

5. You will likely get to take part in membership training

Membership training, MT for short, is one of the major differences in the Korean work culture. It is not something that you come across only at work, as many university clubs arrange these as well.

Basically, you will head over to the mountains or the countryside to stay in a pension (a type of guesthouse) over the weekend. Once there, you’ll do some sports or play games, likely eat barbecued food, and drinking is absolutely a big part of it all.

In other words, there’s not a whole lot of actual training involved; it’s more so a weekend for bonding and experiencing the unique office environment.

6. Remember to use the correct titles in the office

Even if someone is your close friend or has a romantic interest outside of the office, you will not want to use those terms at work.

Instead, always use the correct titles to refer to them, whether that’s -씨 or -님 or something more specific to their position. In general, it is good Korean business etiquette to use these titles to avoid making many mistakes.

7. You shouldn’t question your superior

This may be a conflicting matter to understand and also doesn’t necessarily take place in every company. However, typically in team meetings, your superior will introduce you to a strategy, idea, or concept, and regardless of what you think of it, you shouldn’t disagree with it.

Unlike in Western countries, where challenging a superior’s idea may be a productive and efficient way of working, it is not so in South Korea. This again goes back to concepts such as harmony, which are deeply ingrained in Korean society and work culture.

Besides the team leader, you will also want to be careful about challenging a colleague in the company who has seniority over you. One of the reasons for this is the strong hierarchy within the company, which is a big thing in Korean work culture.

Another one is that your superior likely has another person to report to, from whom they already got approval for this particular strategy.

Thus, it is also the strategy that needs to be presented in the end, whether it worked or not, aligning with the established working environments.

#08. The more Korean you speak, the better

If you are teaching English in Korea, you may be discouraged from communicating in Korean, especially around the students. However, in any other Korean environment, it’s absolutely an advantage to be able to communicate in Korean.

It is a sign of respect towards your colleagues and the country, but you may also have some co-workers who can’t speak English or some other language that you are more comfortable with than Korean.

Knowing and using Korean will make it easier to bond with those around you and navigate the intricacies of Korean culture and the Korean language in the workplace. However, if you have language skills besides Korean, they may also prove to be useful in the long run.

For example, you may be given tasks revolving around that language, which other employees cannot do. This can open up opportunities for learning Korean and improving your working hours and overall experience in the Korean work environment.

Wrap Up

So, that’s the scoop on working for a company in South Korea! Remember, fitting in means understanding how things work. And don’t forget about those cultural customs – they’re a big deal, especially in South Korean culture!

Whether you’re dreaming of joining a K-Pop giant or a big-name company like Samsung, knowing the ropes of Korean corporate culture will help you shine. So, dive in, stay true to yourself, and enjoy the adventure!

With these tips, you’ll be sure to get started on your journey of working in South Korea! Do you think the Korean company life is for you? Next, you may want to learn how to actually get a job in Korea, brush up on business Korean, or study the vocabulary for jobs in Korean.

The post Working at a Korean company – Your Guide to Success appeared first on 90 Day Korean.

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Learn to read Korean and be having simple conversations, taking taxis and ordering in Korean within a week with our FREE Hangeul Hacks series: http://www.90DayKorean.com/learn

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See the map below to our PNU location, call or see our website for Haeundae classes.

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Busan's Korean Language Institute For Foreigners (KLIFF) is offering classes for everyone.  Make a change by learning Korean this season.  The teachers at KLIFF can help!

Think it takes a year to speak Korean well?  Think again!  In just a  month we can get you speaking with the locals! 

KLIFF is located in two convenient locations: PNU and Haeundae. 

We have as many as 9 levels of Korean ability for you to choose from.  We also offer special lectures targeted toward the Korean proficiency test.

We're open from 9 a.m. to 10 p.m. Monday through Saturday, and available Sunday, too!

Questions or need directions?  Feel free to call us any time at 010-9108-6594, or email to [email protected].  You can also check us out at www.kliff.co.kr. 
See the map below to our PNU location, call or see our website for Haeundae classes.

Location: 

• Busan

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• Tailors

Website: https://blog.naver.com/tailoreea

Busan tailor-made suit shop Tailoreea
We specialize in tailored suits, but also do casual shirts and coats. You can choose from a wide range of fabrics in a wide range of price points. At Tailoreea you will find exactly what you want! Starting price is around 500,000 KRW.
 
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Location: 2F, 35, Centum dong-ro, Haeundae-gu, Busan, ROK 

Easily DM me on instagram(@tailoreea) or E-mail ([email protected])

Thank you

 

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During my last trip to Korea I visited Seoul and asked people what they would do if they suddenly became rich. I was expecting them to all say that they would buy something expensive, but the answers were different. Many people said they wanted to invest their money. Here are all of their answers.

The post Koreans Answer: What would you do if you suddenly got a million dollars? appeared first on Learn Korean with GO! Billy Korean.

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Available for free, I've put together supplemental stories from the book Can You Believe It? Stories and Idioms from Real Life

 

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Idioms Adapted to Korean Life – business news english

Daeseungsa Temple in Mungyeong, Gyeongsangbuk-do. Temple History

Daeseungsa Temple is located on Mt. Sabulsan in northern Mungyeong, Gyeongsangbuk-do. Daeseungsa Temple means “Great Vehicle Temple” in English. The temple was first established in 587 A.D., and it was the first Buddhist temple ever built in Mungyeong.

Daeseungsa Temple has one of the more interesting origin legends. According to the Samguk Yusa, or “Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms” in English: “To the east of Juknyeong (Bamboo Pass) about one hundred li [500 meters] away, soaring high into the sky, there stands a mountain. In the ninth year of King Jinpyeong of Silla [r. 579-632 A.D.], the year of the monkey (587 A.D.), this mountain shook with a thundering sound, and from its peak in the heavens a great rock fell. It was ten feet square, carved with Buddhist images on all sides, and wrapped in a red silk cloth.

“Hearing of this marvelous event, the King journeyed to this place. There he prostrated himself before the wonderful rock and ordered a temple built nearby, calling it Daeseungsa Temple [Great Vehicle Temple, or Mahayana Temple]. A monk who had recited the Lotus Sutra all his life was put in charge of the temple and told to burn incense before the four Buddhas day and night without stopping once. The mountain was called Mt. Sabulsan [Four Buddhas Mountain]. When the monk died and was buried, a lotus flower bloomed on his grave.”

The temple would later be destroyed by fire during the Imjin War (1592-98). It was later rebuilt from 1604 to 1701. At this time, over a dozen shrine halls and gates were rebuilt. And since it was rebuilt, the temple suffered additional fires including those in 1862 and 1956. The only shrine halls to survive the 1862 fire were the Myeongbu-jeon Hall and the Eungjin-jeon Hall. The Daeung-jeon Hall and a few other shrine halls were rebuilt in 1966.

In total, there are three hermitages that are directly associated with Daeseungsa Temple. They are Myojeogam Hermitage, Yunpilam Hermitage, and Sangjeogam Hermitage.

In total, Daeseungsa Temple is home to a National Treasure and three additional Korean Treasures. The National Treasure is the “Wooden Amitabha Buddha Altarpiece at Daeseungsa Temple,” which is National Treasure #321. As for the Korean Treasures, they are the “Wooden Amitabha Buddha Altarpiece and Related Documents of Daeseungsa Temple,” which is Korean Treasure #575; the “Gilt-bronze Seated Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva of Daeseungsa Temple,” which is Korean Treasure #991 ; and the “Gilt-bronze Seated Amitabha Buddha and Excavated Relics of Daeseungsa Temple,” which is Korean Treasure #1634.

Temple Layout

You first make your way towards the Daeseungsa Temple grounds up a long mountain road. Along the way, you’ll pass by the rather slender Iljumun Gate, until you eventually arrive at the temple parking lot. From the temple parking lot, you’ll need to hang a right and head towards the Baekryeon-dang Hall. This natural wood gate also acts as dorms for visitors. Beyond the Baekryeona-dang Hall, you’ll find the imposing Manse-ru Pavilion. But before passing under the Manse-ru Pavilion, have a look to your left. There you’ll find the Beomjong-gak Pavilion. Housed inside this bell pavilion is a large, golden Brahma Bell. This bronze bell is joined by the three other traditional Buddhist percussion instruments.

Back at the Manse-ru Pavilion, you’ll pass under the first story of the structure and the wooden posts that support the weight of the second story. Having passed under the Manse-ru Pavilion, and looking back, you’ll notice that the Manse-ru Pavilion’s second story acts as a hall for larger dharma talks.

Looking straight ahead, you’ll see the Daeung-jeon Hall. The exterior walls to the Daeung-jeon Hall are adorned with fading Shimu-do (Ox-Herding Murals), as well as a stunning collection of floral latticework. Stepping inside the Daeung-jeon Hall, you’ll find yourself in the presence of the National Treasure at Daeseungsa Temple, the “Wooden Amitabha Buddha Altarpiece at Daeseungsa Temple.” This main hall altarpiece was first produced in 1675. This altarpiece portrays the Western Paradise of Amita-bul (The Buddha of the Western Paradise). In total, it contains 24 images of Bodhisattvas, Nahan, and the Four Heavenly Kings. And in the centre of the symmetrically positioned images is Amita-bul. Of the extant wood altarpieces, this is the oldest. Additionally, it’s the largest of the six historic wood altarpieces still in existence. What distinguishes this altarpiece from the other five is the portrayal and style of the Bodhisattvas. Unfortunately right now, there’s only a reproduction picture of the historic altarpiece hanging on the main altar inside the Daeung-jeon Hall. It’s unclear where the original might be or when it might return to Daeseungsa Temple.

Joining this stunning wood altarpiece inside the Daeung-jeon Hall are a set of Palsang-do (The Eight Scenes from the Buddha’s Life) adorning most of the interior surfaces of the main hall. Additionally, you’ll find a modern, red Shinjung Taenghwa (Guardian Mural) hanging on the far left wall.

To the left and right of the main hall are the monks’ dorms and meditation centre at Daeseungsa Temple. It’s to the right rear of the main hall that you’ll find five additional shrine halls. The first of these shrine halls is the Samseong-gak Hall. The interior and exterior walls to this shaman shrine hall are adorned with Sinseon (Taoist Immortal) paintings. As for the interior, there are three golden reliefs, similar to the main altarpiece inside the Daeung-jeon Hall, of the three most popular shaman deities in Korea. They are of Sanshin (The Mountain Spirit), Dokseong (The Lonely Saint), and Chilseong (The Seven Stars).

To the right of the Samseong-gak Hall, you’ll find the Eungjin-jeon Hall. The exterior walls are adorned with beautiful paintings dedicated to the Nahan (The Historical Disciples of the Buddha). Stepping inside the Eungjin-jeon Hall, you’ll find wall-to-wall images of the Nahan. And resting on the main altar is a diminutive triad centred by Seokgamoni-bul (The Historical Buddha). On the far right wall, you’ll find a crowned image dedicated to Dongjin-bosal (The Bodhisattva that Protects the Buddha’s Teachings), which is backed by a painting dedicated to Bohyeon-bosal (The Bodhisattva of Power).

Next to the Eungjin-jeon Hall is the Josa-jeon Hall. And out in front of these two halls is the temple’s Geukrak-jeon Hall. The exterior walls are adorned with murals of guardians, Amita-bul (The Buddha of the Western Paradise), Gwanseeum-bosal (The Bodhisattva of Compassion), and Daesaeji-bosal (The Bodhisattva of Wisdom and Power for Amita-bul). Stepping inside the Geukrak-jeon Hall, you’ll find a triad resting on the main altar. In the centre is the “Gilt-bronze Seated Amitabha Buddha and Excavated Relics of Daeseungsa Temple.” This Korean Treasure is believed to date back to 1301, when an inscription on its head, written in ink, was found during a recent examination of the statue. When the statue was inspected by x-ray, the bead decorations on top of its head was discovered to be made of cast bronze like the rest of the statue. In the late 13th century, through to the 14th century, Buddhist sculptures in the Tibetan style with Yuan influence were popular in the Gaeseong area. Rather interestingly, this statue displays the characteristics of an earlier mid-Goryeo Dynasty tradition. Additionally, there were votive documents found inside this statue. They were comprised of twelve sheets, and they were printed between 1292 to 1301. Also taking up residence inside the Geukrak-jeon Hall, and hanging on the far right wall, is a modern mural dedicated to Chilseong (The Seven Stars).

The final shrine hall that visitors can explore, and one of the oldest at the temple, is the Myeongbu-jeon Hall. The exterior is adorned with fading guardian murals. Stepping inside the Myeongbu-jeon Hall, you’ll find the main altar occupied by a green haired image of Jijang-bosal (The Bodhisattva of the Afterlife). Rounding out the interior of the Myeongbu-jeon Hall are ten seated wooden images of the Siwang (The Ten Kings of the Underworld), as well as standing wooden guardians at both entries of the shrine hall.

How To Get There

While it’s possible to get to Daeseungsa Temple from Mungyeong, it’s extremely difficult. But if you don’t mind an adventure and spending a lot of time on Korean buses, then here’s how to get to Daeseungsa Temple. From the Mungyeong Bus Terminal, you can take either Bus #11-1, Bus #10-1, Bus #20-1, or Bus #60-2. You’ll then need to get off at the the “Jeomchon Shinae Bus Terminal.” From this stop, you’ll need to take Bus #51-1. With this bus, you’ll need to get off at the “Jeonduguam” bus stop. From where the bus drops you off, you’ll need to walk one hour and ten minutes, or 3.1 km, to get to the temple. And this walk is mostly uphill. In total, this entire trip takes about four hours.

Another way you can get to Daeseungsa Temple is by taxi, but it’ll be expensive. From the Mungyeong Bus Terminal, a taxi to Daeseungsa Temple will take about 50 minutes, or 37 km, and it’ll cost you 50,000 won (one way).

Of course the easiest way to get to get Daeseungsa Temple is owning your own vehicle, but this isn’t always an option for everyone. So whatever way you decided to get to this temple, best of luck!

Overall Rating: 8/10

The main highlight to Daeseungsa Temple are all the treasures with the golden “Wooden Amitabha Buddha Altarpiece at Daeseungsa Temple” being the best of the lot. Beyond what’s located inside the Daeung-jeon Hall, you can also enjoy the golden reliefs inside the Samseong-gak Hall, the 700 year old “Gilt-bronze Seated Amitabha Buddha and Excavated Relics of Daeseungsa Temple” inside the Geukrak-jeon Hall, as well as the interior of the Myeongbu-jeon Hall and the golden Brahma Bell inside the Beomjong-gak Pavilion. There’s a lot to see, enjoy, and appreciate at Daeseungsa Temple so take your time.

The slender Iljumun Gate at Daeseungsa Temple. The Baekryeon-dang Hall with the Manse-ru Pavilion behind it. Passing through the Baekryeon-dang Hall heading towards the Manse-ru Pavilion The Manse-ru Pavilion. A snowy Beomjong-gak Pavilion. The Beomjong-gak Pavilion with the golden bronze bell at Daeseungsa Temple. The view from next to the Beomjong-gak Pavilion. The Daeung-jeon Hall. One of the fading Shimu-do (Ox-Herding Murals) that adorns the Daeung-jeon Hall. Some of the beautiful floral latticework that adorns the Daeung-jeon Hall. The amazing “Wooden Amitabha Buddha Altarpiece at Daeseungsa Temple,” which is National Treasure #321 and housed inside the Daeung-jeon Hall. Unfortunately right now, it’s only a picture of the original. The Samseong-gak Hall. The golden relief dedicated to Dokseong (The Lonely Saint) located inside the Samseong-gak Hall. Joined by this equally golden relief of Sanshin (The Mountain Spirit). A mural dedicated to Bukseong (The North Star) inside the Samseong-gak Hall. One of the Nahan (The Historical Disciples of the Buddha) paintings that adorns one of the exterior walls of the Eungjin-jeon Hall. The main altar inside the Eungjin-jeon Hall. A side altar inside the Eungjin-jeon Hall dedicated to Dongjin-bosal (The Bodhisattva that Protects the Buddha’s Teachings) with a mural of Bohyeon-bosal (The Bodhisattva of Power) behind the side altar. The Geukrak-jeon Hall at Daeseungsa Temple. The triad inside the Geukrak-jeon Hall. “The Gilt-bronze Seated Amitabha Buddha and Excavated Relics of Daeseungsa Temple” inside the Geukrak-jeon Hall, which is Korean Treasure #1634. A fading guardian mural that adorns one of the exterior walls of the Myeongbu-jeon Hall. The main altar inside the Myeongbu-jeon Hall with a green haired image of Jijang-bosal (The Bodhisattva of the Afterlife) in the centre. And the “Gilt-bronze Seated Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva of Daeseungsa Temple,” which is located in the off-limits Seon centre at Daeseungsa Temple. (Picture courtesy of the CHA). One last look at a snowy Daeseungsa Temple before heading home.—

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Looking for kindy or hakwan classes. I am available in the mornings and some afternoons. PM me, if interested. or phone 01031207766 Rich

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Website: https://blog.naver.com/geum_don

Hi, everyone here.

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KAKAO TALK: geumdon

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Thank you to all of my supporters for helping me to be able to keep making large projects like this one!

Here's what you get:

• Over half an hour of natural Korean conversations, recorded by native speakers.
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• All 25 conversations from "Korean Conversation Made Simple."

These audio files were made to be used together with "Korean Conversation Made Simple."

The files have been carefully created to be used both while at home, and while out and about. You can listen to them while studying at your desk, commuting to work, or during exercise.

Click here to download the audio files for "Korean Conversation Made Simple."

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Is learning Korean in 7 days possible? Yes, you can. If you follow our study plan in this guide, you will be able to learn the basics of Korean in 7 days.

We will cover things such as what results you can expect, an overview of the language, and a 7-day structured study plan you can use right away.

Quick Summary

Before we head on to the comprehensive guide below, here’s a summary of the important points that you will be learning:

• Hangul was created by King Sejong in the 15th century. It is the foundation of Korean language learning, covering grammar, pronunciation, and basic vocabulary.
• The 7-day study plan will help you quickly grasp the Korean alphabet, essential phrases, grammar, vocabulary, and numbers. This means you can have basic conversations and an understanding of K-pop and K-dramas.
• Incorporating Korean dramas, music, and variety shows into study routines enhances language skills and cultural understanding.
• Within 7 days, you can expect to start basic conversations, read signs, enjoy K-pop, and follow K-dramas. This sets the groundwork for future fluency in Korean, which requires around 2400 hours of study.

7-Day Study Plan Expectations

Here are some things you can expect to learn in 7 days.

• Have basic conversations in Korean
• Read signs and social media posts in Hangeul
• Understand parts of K-pop lyrics
• Connect with K-dramas on a deeper level

Becoming fluent in Korean takes about 2400 hours. It takes about 90 days to be able to have a 3-minute conversation in Korean.

Understanding the Basics of the Korean Language

Before you head on to the steps you need to take if you want to learn Korean fast, knowing the basics will always come first. The Korean language features a unique alphabet, simple grammar structure, unique pronunciation, and a practical vocabulary. Here is a quick overview to start:

Hangul (The Korean Alphabet)

Hangeul, a scientific design and easy language to learn, was created by King Sejong in the 15th century. Hangeul consists of 24 letters in total, with 14 consonants and 10 vowels. These letters are grouped into syllable blocks.

Related article: Korean Alphabet

Basic Korean Grammar

• Subject-Object-Verb (SOV): Korean sentences typically end with verbs. This is the first grammatical difference you notice when you first learn Korean because it is different from the SVO order in English.
• Particles: One of the important things to understand in Korean sentence structure is particles. Particles attached to nouns represent their roles in sentences (topics, objects, locations, etc.).
• Honorifics: The Korean words used vary depending on the relationship between speakers. Honorifics are used to show respect, and verb ends change accordingly.

Related article: Korean Sentence Structure, Korean Particles, Korean Honorifics

Korean Pronunciation

Some sounds are native to Korean and require some practice. For example, distinguishing between tense, aspirated, and plain sounds.

Accents can affect sentence meaning. Therefore, the practice of listening carefully and imitating native Korean speakers is necessary.

Related article: Korean Pronunciation

Essential Korean Vocabulary

• Greetings: Start with greetings like “안녕하세요” (annyeonghaseyo – Hello), “감사합니다” (gamsahamnida – Thank you), and “죄송합니다” (joesonghamnida – Sorry).
• Numbers: Learn the two numbering systems in the Korean language (Native Korean and Sino-Korean) and their different usage.
• Daily Expressions: Learn phrases about activities in daily life, directions, food orders, and expressing what you like and dislike.

Related article: Korean Words, Korean Greetings

Structured Korean Learning Plan

To create a structured Korean language learning plan for a week, you should focus on the basic elements, integrate effective learning strategies, and emphasize Korean words and phrases with high frequency. Here is a summary of a beginner’s customized plan to build a strong foundation and ignite a passion for continuous learning.

• Day 1: Introducing the Korean alphabetRelated lesson: How to learn the Korean alphabetBegin learning basic consonants and vowels. Use visual aids and pronunciation guides. Practice writing the characters you learned. Try to memorize their sounds.
• Day 2: Completing HangulRelated lessons: Korean consonants, Korean vowelsLearn the rest of the consonants and vowels, including double consonants and double consonants. Then, practice combining consonants and vowels into syllable blocks and make simple words. Test your reading skills with online resources or apps designed for Hangeul practice.
• Day 3: Basic Phrases and GreetingsRelated lessons: Korean Phrases, Hello in Korean, Thank you in KoreanLearn essential greetings and phrases. Listen carefully to the pronunciation and intonation of phrases such as “안녕하세요” (Hello), “감사합니다” (Thank you), and “실례합니다” (Excuse me) and use recordings to mimic a native Korean speaker.
• Day 4: Introduction to Basic GrammarRelated lessons: Korean GrammarUnderstand the sentence structure of Subject-Object-Verbs (SOV) and Korean particles. Try to write simple sentences using high-frequency verbs such as 가다 (to go), 먹다 (to eat), and 있다 (to have). Use the basic words and vocabulary you learned to write sentences in your journal to review.
• Day 5: High-frequency vocabularyRelated lessons: Korean Nouns, Korean AdjectivesIt focuses on the acquisition of high-frequency nouns and adjectives related to daily life (family, food, places, emotions). Use a flashcard or a spaced repetition system (SRS) to memorize these words. Try to identify the Korean word you’ve learned while watching simple Korean videos or listening to songs.
• Day 6: Numbers and TimesRelated lesson: Korean Numbers, Telling time in Korean, Months in KoreanLearn the two Korean numbering systems (Native Korean and Sino-Korean number systems). Practice speaking and writing about the time, date, age, and number of things. Play interactive games or quizzes online to enhance your knowledge of numbers.
• Day 7: Review and PracticeRelated lesson: Korean PracticeReview what you learned in the week, focusing on the more difficult parts. Participate in a comprehensive practice session that combines how to read, write, listen, and speak Korean. Reflect and plan future learning goals based on your experiences and areas of interest.

Benefits of Learning Korean

By following the learning plan above, you are giving yourself the chance to experience the Korean language on a different level. Here are some of the many benefits you’ll experience in learning Korean.

1. Learning Korean can make you connect with K-pop on another level! If you can understand the lyrics of BTS, BLACKPINK, or your favorite K-pop group, you will feel a stronger connection to the artist and their messages. Learning Korean can make you connect with K-pop on another level!
2. Knowing the Korean language will make your K-Drama viewing experience more immersive and enjoyable. It will allow for capturing the subtle humor or cultural references that subtitles can’t fully convey.
3. Language can be a bridge to making new friends. Participating in language exchange meetups, forums, and social media groups with the same interest as you will create more opportunities for cultural exchange and making new friends.
4. Have you ever dreamed of visiting Seoul? Imagine navigating the city and being able to order food or drinks that you wish to try in Korean confidently! Speaking in Korean will also be a sign of respect to locals, showing your effort to learn their language and culture.
5. Korean language proficiency can be a valuable asset. Considering the global influence of Korean companies and the entertainment industry, especially if you want a career related to international business, translation, tourism, and entertainment.

Incorporating Multimedia Resources

You can improve your listening, comprehension, and speaking abilities significantly by incorporating multimedia resources into your Korean learning journey. Here are ways to strengthen language learning by effectively using Korean media and interactive tools:

Korean Dramas and Films

Switch subtitles from English to Korean when your comprehension skills improve. This helps connect spoken languages with text. Practice listening and picking up new vocabulary by rewatching scenes. Mimic the actors’ pronunciation and intonation. Pause and repeat what you heard and compare your pronunciation to the actors.

Related articles: Korean Dramas, Korean Movies

K-Pop and Korean Music

Look up translations to understand the meaning and practice singing your favorite songs. This helps with memorization and pronunciation.

Related articles: What is K-pop?, K-Pop songs

Korean Variety Shows and YouTube Channels

Korean variety shows are great for learning casual language. It is a fun way to learn Korean humor, slang, and real-life dialogues.

There are educational channels created by Korean YouTubers who specialize in teaching Korean grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation.

Also, watching Korean vlogs could give you insight into everyday vocabulary, slang, and phrases. It helps make the learning experience more contextual and engaging.

Related articles: YouTube in Korean

Language Learning Apps and Websites

Use language learning apps like Duolingo, Anki, or Memrise for daily vocabulary and grammar practice. You can practice conversation with natives on platforms like HelloTalk or Tandem. Also, there are online courses that provide structured lessons. Choose one that suits your level and preferred study methods.

Related article: Korean Apps

Social Media and News

If you want to learn more about colloquial language and current slang, following Korean social media accounts on Instagram or Twitter can be helpful.

If you want to improve your understanding of formal language and current events, listen to news broadcasts or podcasts in Korean.

Related article: Korean News

How to implement Multimedia to your learning

Make it a daily routine by dedicating specific times of the day to different types of media. For example, while you commute, you can listen to Korean music. In the evening you can watch an episode of a Korean drama. Before bed, spend time using language apps for 30 minutes.

Reflect and practice afterward by writing down new vocabulary or phrases and trying to use them in sentences. Note whether you learned new cultural aspects and how they relate to language use.

Practical Language Use in Everyday Situations

You can learn language by using it in situations, not just studying. Here are some common scenarios that you can practice using Korean language:

Greetings and Basic Expressions:

When you meet someone, say 안녕하세요 (annyeonghaseyo | Hello). If it’s your first time meeting the person, say 만나서 반갑습니다 (mannaseo bangapseumnida | Nice to meet you).

It can also be very useful to learn to introduce yourself, such as 제 이름은 ___입니다. (je ireumeun ___imnida | My name is [name]), 저는 ___ 사람입니다. ( jeoneun ___ saramimnida | I’m from [country]).

Use 감사합니다 (gamsahamnida | Thank you) to thank someone.

Use 건배! (geonbae | Cheers!) when you are having some drinks with your Korean friends or Korean learners.

For shopping, 얼마예요? (eolmayeyo | How much is it?), 영수증 주세요 (yeongsujeung juseyo | Please give me a receipt) are practical.

When your phone is ringing, answer your call by saying “여보세요” (yeoboseyo | Hello).

Use 네 (ne | yes) and 아니요 (aniyo | no) or 알겠어요 (algesseoyo | I understand) and 모르겠어요 (moreugesseoyo | I don’t know/I’m not sure) in your conversation.

Daily Activities and Navigation:

When you are lost, use 저기요 (jeogiyo | Excuse me) to get someone’s attention or 도와주세요 (dowajuseyo | Please help me) for emergencies.

Learning to ask for directions and the location of places, for example, 화장실은 어디에 있어요? (hwajangsireun eodie isseoyo | Where is the bathroom?) can be incredibly helpful.

Challenges and Tips for Rapid Learning

Fast learning comes with a series of challenges, especially regarding language acquisition. These obstacles can sometimes slow the progression or lead to frustration. However, understanding and navigating these challenges can make the learning process smoother and more effective.

Here are some common obstacles:

• Information overload
  When you try to learn too much in a short time, it can overwhelm your brain. This makes maintaining new information difficult.
• Burnout
  Learning without enough breaks can cause us to be mentally exhausted and have poor motivation and efficiency.
• PlateauAfter a certain time, there may be a time when progression slows down, causing frustration, which seems to lead to decreased motivation.
• Language SpecificsEach language has its problems. For example, pronunciation, certain grammar rules, and cultural nuances can be difficult for some people when learning.

How can you overcome the difficulties? Here are some tips:

• Break down learning goals into manageable chunks to maintain focus and motivation.
• Build a strong Foundation. This makes it easier to understand more complex concepts later on.
• Have regular breaks. To avoid burnout and improve retention, schedule many short, frequent breaks.
• Accept plateaus. Plateaus are a normal part of the learning process. Take this time to review and stabilize what you’ve learned.
• Engage with the language in real life. Practice speaking Korean, listening, reading, and writing to make your learning more relevant.
• Get regular feedback from native speakers or language partners. This can correct mistakes early and improve your language skills quickly.
• Use different resources. By doing this, you can keep the learning experience interesting while making it cover all aspects of the language.
• Stay positive towards your learning, and be patient with yourself. Often, the progress of learning a language is non-linear.

Continuing Your Korean Language Journey Beyond 7 Days

Continuing your Korean language journey beyond 7 days means setting realistic long-term goals and having a plan.

Use this guide: https://www.90daykorean.com/learn-korean/

Make sure you are enjoying the process of learning and discoveries along the way.

Remember, becoming fluent in a language doesn’t just come from studying. Instead, it comes from living a language by steady and regular engagement, being immersed in the culture, and relationships with others. Stay motivated, keep moving, and enjoy the journey of becoming more and more fluent in Korean!

Sign up for our structured program: https://www.90daykorean.com/koreanlessons/

Conclusion

Learning a foreign language is a journey with many ups and downs, but the rewards are immeasurable. Connecting with other cultures on a deeper level is a very special experience. So let your love for K-Pop, K-dramas, and Korean culture motivate you, and start this exciting adventure with an open mind and heart. 화이팅 (hwaiting)!

The post How to Learn Korean in 7 Days – Your Complete Guide appeared first on 90 Day Korean.

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In the wee hours of a biting winter morning, when most souls slumber in the comfort of warmth, there exists a breed of adventurers stirred by a calling of creativity. This is the tale of one such dawn, where the frigid embrace of the sea beckoned, and a photographer answered.

Could I have lingered under the covers, succumbing to the lure of a few more hours’ rest? Certainly. Could I have waited for a milder morn to embark on my quest? Perhaps. But destiny whispered otherwise. It insisted that today, at Jujeon Port, beneath the canvas of a unique sunrise, a story awaited its chronicler.

Emerging from the coziness of my bed, doubts swirled like steam from my morning brew. Some photographers chase the warmth of a studio and the beauty of a scantily-clad model, but I? I choose the rugged allure of landscapes, the untamed majesty of winter waves crashing against the Jujeon shores.

Enchantment resides in the deep red pagoda-shaped lighthouse, and the stoic rocks that punctuate the coastline, rendering Jujeon a stage for nature’s raw drama. Yet, beyond its aesthetic allure, lies a practicality—it’s an accessible haven for those racing against time to capture the unfolding spectacle of dawn.

As the horizon blushed with hues of sunrise, it wasn’t the sky’s palette that stole the show, but the tempestuous sea, its waves a symphony of unrestrained fury against the rocky bastions.

Unexpectedly, ice danced upon the landscape, a rarity even in Ulsan’s winter grasp. The saline sheen on rocks and rails bespoke a wintry tale seldom told. Undeterred, I pressed forward, tripod in hand, navigating the treacherous ground with the grace of a tightrope walker.

With each click of the shutter, I surrendered to the intoxicating beauty. Even as icy waters threatened, I stood steadfast, my camera cocooned within my parka, a guardian against the elements. Though drenched and chilled to the bone, my spirit remained unyielding—a testament to the resilience forged in moments of elemental communion.

As I shed my soaked layers, memories of another wilderness encounter flooded my mind—a bond shared with my father amidst the unforgiving terrain of northern Manitoba. His words, uttered in moments of triumph and adversity alike, echoed in my solitude.

Yet, in the silence that followed, a longing stirred—a wish to share this conquest with a soul no longer earthbound. The absence of a tangible connection to the heavens lent a poignant hue to the moment, tempered only by the assurance of paternal vigilance from realms beyond.

Jujeon Port, nestled near Nammock in Ulsan, offers sanctuary to summer revelers and glampers alike. Amidst its rugged charm, it beckons the intrepid, the oddities who dare to embrace the winter’s icy embrace in pursuit of frozen beauty.

The post Chasing the Frozen Sunrise: A Photographer’s Journey at Jujeon Port appeared first on The Sajin.

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Jason Teale 

Photographer, educator, podcaster

Podcast    Website    Instagram

Photographing Korea and the world beyond!