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The Age of Renewal – The Republic of Korea (1945-Present)
Since the liberation of South Korea from Japan, and much like the nation as a whole, Buddhism in Korea has undergone a modern day revival. After liberation in 1945, the celibate Korean monks that were marginalized during Japanese rule were able to return to their roles of authority at temples and hermitages. Also, a large number of men and women became ordained monks and nuns after liberation. In addition, a countless amount of new temples opened in the centre of cities and towns, which was unheard of during the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910).
However, the regaining of Korean independence hasn’t always come without its problems for Korean Buddhism. Just as society was going through an unprecedented amount of social and economic changes from the 1960’s to the present, so too has Korean Buddhism. As Korean culture is rooted in Buddhism, Korean Buddhism mirrored the tumultuous changes occurring around it. During the dictatorial rule of Chun Doo-hwan (1980-1988), he infamously attacked Korean Buddhism. He sent in the military to raid temples and seize monks. As a result, hundreds of monks were imprisoned and tortured. And all throughout the 1980’s and 1990’s, there were sporadic temple burnings. In addition to these acts of arson, Buddhist artwork and pagodas have been vandalized. Some of the more extreme cases have seen red crosses being spray painted on temple walls and shrines, as well as Buddhist statues being decapitated. More recently, and under the Protestant Lee Myung-bak (2008-2015) administration, sectarian division continued between Buddhists and Protestants with the favourable appointment of twelve Christians being nominated to his presidential cabinet in comparison to only one Buddhist. Accordingly, this led to some discontent for Korean Buddhists.
Samgwangsa Temple in May, 2005 during Buddha’s Birthday.Yet among this era of conflict, it’s also been a time of regeneration and renewal for Korean Buddhism. And it’s this renewal and regeneration that has thankfully outshone the conflict. This time of renewal has been led through education, social activities, and various forms of print and media. Korean Buddhist leaders of all sects are trying hard to shed their old-fashion image for a more contemporary one through inclusiveness, socialization, and modernization. These three seem to be the cornerstones in allowing Korean Buddhism to become more relevant to the needs of Koreans in the 21st century.
Presently, there are forty-two sects in Korean Buddhism, which include the larger Jogye-jong, Taego-jong, Cheontae-jong, and Won Buddhism. In addition to these forty-two religious sects, there are over sixty general Buddhist associations, forty-six youth associations, thirty student college associations, sixty-six middle and high school student associations, and ten children’s associations throughout Korea. And in a more social slant, there are over ten educational institutes which include universities and colleges that are run by various sects. Also, there are twenty-one public welfare associations, as well as three hospitals run by Korean Buddhists. And finally, towards modernization, in May, 1990, BBS (Buddhist Broadcasting System) went on air in an attempt to promote Buddhism both domestically and abroad. This goes hand-in-hand with the print efforts of Korean Buddhism. Now, there are ten different weekly newspapers, fifteen monthly magazines, four quarterly research journals, and a countless amount of official and unofficial websites dedicated to Korean Buddhism in various languages.
All of these efforts have been made to move Korean Buddhism from its past into the present and well beyond into the future. Fortunately, Korean Buddhism is no longer a secluded religion on a remote mountain top, isolated, and alone. Instead, it has taken giant leaps forward in modernizing and popularizing Korean Buddhism both for the present generation, as well as for generations to come.
Tongdosa Temple in May, 2014 during Buddha’s Birthday. —Dale's Korean Temple Adventures YouTube
는 둥 마는 둥 Half heartedly | Live Class Abridged
The advanced grammar form ~는 둥 마는 둥 can be used to show that someone half-heartedly does something, or barely does it, or doesn't do it properly. But there's a deeper meaning to the form which comes from its pieces - mainly the particle 둥. If you learn how to use 둥, this form is quite easy to understand and use in any situation. We also covered how to use ~을/ㄹ 둥 말 둥, which uses this same 둥 particle but in a different way.
The post 는 둥 마는 둥 Half heartedly | Live Class Abridged appeared first on Learn Korean with GO! Billy Korean.
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Korean flag – Meaning and symbols of this national banner
The Korean flag in Korean is called 태극기 (taegeukgi). Its earliest version was designed and put to use in 1882, becoming the national flag of South Korea in 1948 after the Korean War ended. The current flag of South Korea was taken into use in 2011.
In this lesson, we will be learning more about the flag of South Korea, which at one point was a symbolic piece that represents the whole country of Korea.
What does the Korean flag look like?Korea’s flag is composed of four colors: white, red, blue, and black. Each color has its purpose in the flag. It has a plain white background forming a rectangular shape. In the middle, a yin-yang circle is formed, minus the spots, with the color red on the upper half and blue on the lower half. The circle is then surrounded by four trigrams with the color black, placed in each of the four corners.
What is the symbolic composition of the Korean flag?The flag bears four colors with symbolic meaning. The white background is a symbol that expresses land, while the red and blue forming a circle in the middle illustrates the Korean race or people of Korea. Meanwhile, the black sets of bars stand for Korea’s government.
White backgroundThe color white that symbolizes land in the flag is seen as a traditional color in Korean culture, commonly used in daily clothing in the 19th century. The white background itself represents peace and unity. Even today, white often appears in Korean hanboks.
Red and Blue TaegeukThe red and blue colors alone are named 태극 (taegeuk), so are essentially what the whole flag was named after with the meaning “supreme ultimate” in English. The red and blue taegeuk is divided into two parts, decidedly in the shape of yin-yang, which was derived from old Chinese philosophical ideologies.
Separately they represent elements opposite of each other like good vs. bad. Specifically, the red half represents positive cosmic forces, while the blue half is a symbol for negative cosmic forces. But put together like this, the shape is a symbol of the opposing elements complementing each other. The thicker part of yin and yang represent the beginning, and the slimmer part expresses the ending. So where yang ends, yin (or eum in Korea) starts, and then where yin ends, yang starts, and so on.
Black barsThe four groups of black bars also follow Confucian ideologies. The three solid bars are Heaven, the three bars set apart in the middle are Earth. The bars on the upper right corner represent fire, and the bars on the lower-left corner are symbols for water.
History of the Korean flagIn the history of Korea, the country did not have any national flag until 1882, while still under the Joseon dynasty. However, the need for a flag arose in the late 1800s during the Japan-Korea Treaty in 1876 when the Japanese flag was presented, while Korea at that time didn’t have a flag. With this, the king of Joseon ordered the government officials named Sin Heon and Kim Hong-Jip.
The task was further delegated to Lee Eung-Jun as well as a Chinese official Ma Jianzhong. A newspaper from Japan in 1882 credited the original flag, which by then had been used as Korea’s national flag on at least one occasion, as the design of the king of Joseon, Kojong.
Changes made to the flag of KoreaThe flag didn’t immediately appear like how the current flag looks like. Between 1882 and 1910, Korea’s flag came under some slight changes. The basic design has changed mostly the same, or nearly identical, since its inception. However, some changes to the colors and ratio have occurred throughout time.
In the initial version, the bars were black, but in some other versions, they have been varied shades of blue, usually a dark navy shade, but also bright blue for a brief period of time. Originally the blue in the yin-yang circle was also a darker shade, although interestingly enough, the red has remained mostly the same, though sometimes a little more muted in the shade.
The most notable change is that the lines of the red and blue within the circle are much more simplified in the current flag than they were before 1910. The circle also changed from having blue on the left and red on the right side to red on top and blue on the bottom in 1948.
Who created the national flag of Korea?Although the flag was originally credited to Kojong, he was mostly simply the commissioner of the flag. The original design for the taegeukgi flag came from Lee Eung-Jun, with Hong-Jip and Ma Jianzhong making modifications primarily to the coloring of the flag.
Finally, a politician named Park Yeong-Hyo presented a scale model of the flag as it was to the government in August 1882, and this version of the flag ended up becoming recognized as Korea’s official flag. Thus, Park Yeong-Hyo has since become the person credited as having created the first national flag of Korea and was the first person to use Korea’s flag in Japan in 1882.
Taegeukgi as the South Korean FlagThe taegukgi remained to be seen as South Korea continued using this flag as its emblem when Korean independence was restored in 1945. It officially became the national flag of South Korea in August of 1948, when the state of South Korea was established. The color scheme of South Korea’s flag was fixed to precision in 1997.
North Korean flagAs was established before, a version of the South Korean flag was already in use as a national symbol while the two Koreas were still unified. However, the North Korean flag currently in use became the official national flag used in North Korea in 1948 when North Korea was established.
This came from pressure from Soviet Union’s military officers, who thought the taegeukgi flag wasn’t modern enough in design and ideology. The flag was designed in Moscow, although it is unclear by whom. Today it is credited as the design of Kim Il-sung, the founder and first dictator of North Korea.
What does the flag of North Korea look like?The national flag of North Korea is a lot different from the flag of South Korea. The North Korean flag is blue, white, and red. It consists of a red panel-like mid-section, with a red star against a white circle towards the left side. Above and below are thick blue stripes, and in between the red and blue on both sides are narrow white stripes.
What is the Korean unification flag?The North and South Korea flag was adopted into use in 1991. The entire Korean peninsula is represented through this flag, in solid blue color, against a white field background. Korean unification flag was created for the 1990 Asian Games, where South Korea and North Korea originally planned to compete as one team. They did not do so in the end, and thus the flag was not used for the games in the end.
However, in the 1991 World Table Tennis Championships, the two Koreas competed as one team, using the Korean unification flag as their flag in the competition. A variation of the flag has been used in a few other international events since. This was used as a designation of the two countries competing as a unified team. One notable such instance is the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang.
And now you know the story and history of the Korean flag! How similar or different is it from how other countries got their flags? Let us know in the comments below!
Next up, if you wish, perhaps you’d like to read about the history and modern life of South Korea!
The post Korean flag – Meaning and symbols of this national banner appeared first on 90 Day Korean®.
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The Repressed – Colonial Korea (1910-1945)
The Japanese annexation and colonial rule over Korea is one of the darkest moments in Korean history. Not only did the Korean population suffer terribly as a whole, but this suffering was mirrored in every facet on Korean Buddhism.
Colonial rule by the Japanese began in 1910 and continued until the end of the Pacific theatre campaign of World War Two in 1945. With the ushering in of colonial rule in 1910, it brought to an end the five hundred years of Joseon Dynasty rule (1392-1910). The repressiveness that befell Korean Buddhism during the Joseon Dynasty would continue during Japanese colonial rule.
The Monument in Memory of the Korean Victims of the A-Bomb inside the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park. Over 20,000 Koreans, forced into Japanese slavery, were killed at Hiroshima, Japan on August 6th, 1945.Japan attempted to suppress traditional Korean Buddhism for its own Japanese form of Buddhism. This meant that not only did Korean Buddhism have to comply with a strict set of extensive rules, but they would also have to obey them. Some of these rules were the discouragement of the traditional Korean celibate Buddhist sect, for the Japanese Buddhist custom that allowed for its monks to marry. In line with this form of Buddhism, heads of temples and hermitages were appointed by the Japanese authorities. And usually these temple appointees were those individuals that embraced the traditional Japanese form of Buddhism of non-celibacy. Another regulation was the demand by Japanese Buddhists to recruit devotees from major cities. This was in opposition to a five hundred year old ban on permitting monks and nuns from entering into cities. But once more, Japanese colonial belief held sway over traditional Korean beliefs. It was also during this time that many Buddhist treasures were carted off to continental Japan. It’s truly unfortunate because so much of Korea’s tangible past is linked to its Buddhist treasures. In total, seventy percent of Korea’s tangible treasures are Buddhist in nature. Who knows just how many artifacts were lost during this terrible time in Korea’s history. However, attempts are being made in the present to retrieve these treasures.
Seokguram Hermitage from the Joseon Gojeok Dobo published in 1917. And Mireuksa-ji Temple Site from the Joseon Gojeok Dobo published in 1916.It’s also at this time that historic Buddhist sites like Bulguksa Temple and Seokguram Hermitage in Gyeongju and the Mireuksa-ji Temple Site in Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, that had long been neglected, and and grown derelict as a result, were given attention by the Japanese authorities. Like Korea, Japan has a long, rich history of Buddhism. And since Koreans were seen as being Japanese subjects at this time, it makes sense, in a twisted sort of way, as to why the Japanese would want to preserve the art that they now viewed as their own. It’s also at this time that surveys of temples sites are done in the Gyeongju region like at Sacheonwangsa-ji Temple Site and Heungnyunsa-ji Temple Site. And while some of this work was successful in preserving these historic sites, others did more damage than good.
It’s also during this time of repression that Christian missionary work took root. With a weakened Korean Buddhism, greater conflicts arose between Buddhism and both foreign and domestic Christian influences. It was also at this time that a new Buddhist sect, Won Buddhism, was established. And throughout Japanese colonization, Korean Buddhism, in the tradition of such warrior monks like Samyeong-daesa (1544-1610) and Seosan-daesa (1520-1604), would continue to attempt to defend Korea from foreign invaders. It did this through a variety of social movements.
Even though Japan ruled over Korea for a mere thirty-five years in length, it left an indelible mark, not only on the nation of Korea and its people, but also on Korean Buddhism. It is a dark past that Korea still struggles to deal with today.
The “Smile of Silla” that was excavated at the Heungnyunsa-ji Temple Site. The tile was bought in 1934 by the Japanese doctor Toshinobu Tanaka at an antique shop in Gyeongju. It was returned to Korea in 1972, and it’s now housed at the Gyeongju National Museum. Also, it’s Korean Treasure #2010. —Dale's Korean Temple Adventures YouTube
Important Hanja Pairs: 전 (前) and 후 (後) (한자) | Korean FAQ
전 (前) and 후 (後) are two useful Hanja pairs that learners should know - not how to read and write them necessarily, but knowing what they mean, how they're pronounced, and how to use them.
In this week's Korean FAQ episode, I show how you can use these two Hanja words to help expand your Korean understanding by recognizing new words that have these Hanja in them.
The post Important Hanja Pairs: 전 (前) and 후 (後) (한자) | Korean FAQ appeared first on Learn Korean with GO! Billy Korean.
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Open Mic Night @ Ol' 55 Busan
From: https://www.facebook.com/liveatOL55
Open Mic every Wednesday.
Live music every Friday and Saturday!
Try the pizza!!
Contact us to book your act!
최고의 음향과 라이브 공연 새로 설비한 주방에서 만드는 신선한 수제피자. 최고의 LP컬렉션. 새롭게 단장한 OL'55에서 만나요.
A classic live pub with a new menu and the coolest LP collection in Busan.
Busan Record Fair @ OL'55
From: https://www.facebook.com/events/438777301227474
OL'55 is excited to announce a Record Fair on Sunday, December 19th!! Vendors include Dong Ha Kim (DK Vinyl), the Vinyl Factory, and NeolPan (널판) from Seoul. This will be the biggest record fair ever held at Ol'55. Get all that Christmas shopping done! What better gift than some vinyl?!
Worship at RICC redeemerbusan.org
We exist to proclaim the excellencies of God to all nations for the salvation of all peoples through Jesus Christ. We want to see people treasure and enjoy God the Father through Christ the Son.
Redeemer ICC is a group of people from all over the world, with different backgrounds and cultures, all gathered together here in Korea to worship Jesus Christ. As a church we are committed to the preaching and teaching of the Word of God: the Bible. Every Sunday we gather to worship Christ together in singing, reading, studying, responding to God's Word.
We meet on the campus of Kyoungsung University: https://redeemerbusan.org/busan-directions
Click to get updates in our Kakao channel: https://pf.kakao.com/_GKhns
EMAIL: [email protected]
[KOFIC Campaign_ENG subtitle] Join us in our happy reunion(Narrator: Teo YOO)
Enjoy 30s Korean-- | 7. Get ready with me! #shorts
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A Pirate's Bounty of Shellfish | Sodam Eolkeun Kalguksu
Burger n' Kimchi are the most unlikely, wildest husband-and-wife team consisting of Burger (an American Expat living in Busan) and Kimchi (a born and bred Busanite). We absolutely love Busan, South Korea and would like to share a glimpse with you through our own unique lens.
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Kenny guesses Korean snacks while blindfolded
How many of these famous snacks can you recognize? How many of them do you think you would recognize without looking at them?
The snacks Kenny tried in order were 새우깡, 양파링, 포스틱, 오!감자, 고래밥, 꼬깔콘, 짱구, Gardetto's, 초코송이, 초코파이, 자유시간, and 폴로.
The post Kenny guesses Korean snacks while blindfolded appeared first on Learn Korean with GO! Billy Korean.
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