Since September 1st, 2021, Korea has required travellers from 112 countries to apply for the Korea-ETA (K-ETA). The K-ETA is an electronic travel authorization program that will save travellers time when they arrive in South Korea by reducing paperwork at the airport.

But what is the K-ETA? And who needs it? If you’re not sure, you’re not alone. There are a lot of questions about whether or not you need to get a K-ETA, how long it lasts for, whether it works instead of a visa (it doesn’t), and if there are any exemptions (there are).

If you don’t have the K-ETA, you won’t be allowed to travel to South Korea. This guide will help you avoid this problem, explain who needs the K-ETA, how to apply for the K-ETA, and answer a range of other questions regarding this travel document.

Save yourself the time and hassle on your trip to Korea with this guide to the K-ETA.

Disclaimer: This site contains affiliate links and I may earn commission for purchases made after clicking one of these links. Affiliate Disclaimer

1: What Is The K-ETA?

The K-ETA (Korea Electronic Travel Authorization) is an online electronic travel authorization that visa-free foreign visitors need to obtain before entering the Republic of Korea for tourism, visiting relatives, participating in events or meetings, and for business purposes other than profitable activities.

If you are ready to apply now, you can start the process with the button below.

K-ETA Website

However, if you want to know more about how to apply for the K-ETA, who needs to apply for it, or want any other information the Korea Electronic Travel Authorization, then please keep on reading.

2: Who Needs To Apply For The K-ETA?

The K-ETA is required for nationals of:

A: Korean visa waiver countries
(66 countries)

B: Designated visa-free countries
(46 countries)

The K-ETA is required for foreign nationals who intend to enter the Republic of Korea for tourism, visiting relatives, participate in events or meetings, and business purposes other than profitable activities.

Please note: If you normally need a tourist visa to travel to South Korea, then you won’t need to obtain a K-ETA.

Please note: Eligibility for K-ETA is based on your nationality, not your country of residence or where you’re travelling from.

Only 50 countries are eligible for the K-ETA now. Please check below to see if your country is currently active.

A: Korean Visa Waiver Countries

Nationals from countries that concluded a visa waiver agreement with the Republic of Korea will need to obtain the K-ETA. This applies to the following countries:

Asian Visa Waiver Countries

Israel (suspended)
Kazakhstan (suspended)
Malaysia (suspended)
Singapore*
Thailand (suspended)
Turkey (suspended)
United Arab Emirates (suspended)

*Singapore currently operates a vaccinated travel lane with South Korea to allow for quarantine-free travel between those two countries. You can find out more about the Singapore – Korea VTL below:

Singapore-Korea VTL European Visa Waiver Countries

Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia (suspended)
Slovakia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom

American Visa Waiver Countries

Antigua and Barbuda (suspended)
Bahamas (suspended)
Barbados
Brazil (suspended)
Chile (suspended)
Colombia (suspended)
Commonwealth of Dominica
Costa Rica (suspended)
Dominican Republic (suspended)
El Salvador (suspended)
Grenada (suspended)
Guatemala (suspended)
Haiti (suspended)
Jamaica (suspended)
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama (suspended)
Peru (suspended)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia (suspended)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname (suspended)
Trinidad and Tobago (suspended)
Uruguay (suspended)
Venezuela

African Visa Waiver Countries

Lesotho (suspended)
Morocco (suspended)
Tunisia (suspended)

Oceania Visa Waiver Countries

New Zealand (suspended)

Please note: Countries on this list are subject to change at short notice due to the ongoing global pandemic.

B: Designated Visa Free Countries

Nationals from countries that are designated visa-free entry to the Republic of Korea will need to obtain a K-ETA. This applies to the following countries:

Asian Visa-Free Countries

Bahrain (suspended)
Brunei (suspended)
Darussalam (suspended)
Hong Kong (suspended)
Japan (suspended)
Kuwait (suspended)
Macau (suspended)
Oman (suspended)
Qatar (suspended)
Saudi Arabia (suspended)
Taiwan (suspended)

European Visa-Free Countries

Albania
Andorra
Bosnia and Herzegovina (suspended)
Croatia
Cyprus
Holy See
Monaco
Montenegro (suspended)
San Marino
Serbia (suspended)
Slovenia

American Visa-Free Countries

Argentina (suspended)
Canada (suspended)
Ecuador (suspended)
Guyana
Honduras (suspended)
Paraguay (suspended)
The United States

African Visa-Free Countries

Botswana (suspended)
Kingdom of Eswatini (suspended)
Mauritius (suspended)
Seychelles (suspended)
Republic of South Africa (suspended)

Oceania Visa-Free Countries

Australia (suspended)
Fiji (suspended)
Guam
Kiribati (suspended)
Marshall Islands (suspended)
Micronesia (suspended)
Nauru (suspended)
New Caledonia
Palau
Samoa (suspended)
Solomon Islands (suspended)
Tonga (suspended)
Tuvalu (suspended)

Please note: Countries on this list are subject to change at short notice due to the ongoing global pandemic.

Is it mandatory to get a K-ETA when visiting Korea?

Yes. If a person, who is a national of a K-ETA required country, does not have a K-ETA, he or she will not be allowed to board the flight or ship bound for the Republic of Korea.

How long can I stay in Korea if I have a K-ETA?

Generally up to 90 days, but the allowed period of stay may differ by nationality. The minimum amount of time is 30 days and the maximum is 3 months. Please check the K-ETA website to confirm your period of stay.

Korea-ETA Period of Stay 3: How To Apply For The K-ETA

This section will describe how to apply for the Korea-ETA, how much to pay, and what you will need to prepare for your K-ETA application.

What do I need to prepare to fill out the K-ETA application form?

You will need a valid passport, email address, and a credit or debit card to pay the K-ETA application fee.

If you are applying with your PC, instead of your mobile device, you will need an identification photo for uploading your facial image.

When do I need to apply for the K-ETA?

You should apply for the K-ETA at least 24 hours prior to boarding the flight or ship bound for the Republic of Korea.

How long does it take to apply for a K-ETA?

It will take approximately 10 minutes.

How long does it take from submitting the K-ETA application to receiving the results?

You should receive the results by e-mail, within 24 hours after completing the K-ETA application.

How can I check my K-ETA results?

K-ETA approval results are sent to the e-mail address which the applicant provided upon application. You can also check your K-ETA approval status with your application number on the K-ETA official website.

How much is the K-ETA fee?

The K-ETA application fee is 10,000 KRW (additional fees not included). If you visit a website charging more than 10,000 KRW, then it is not likely to be the official Korea-ETA website.

Please note: you should only apply for the K-ETA on the official website – www.k-eta.go.kr. You can access the website from the link below.

Don’t sign up for the K-ETA on any other website.

K-ETA Website Can I get a refund if my K-ETA application is refused?

No. The 10,000 KRW fee for applying for the K-ETA is non-refundable, even if your application is unsuccessful.

Can I apply for K-ETAs for other people?

Yes. One applicant can apply for up to 30 people, such as family members, and can proceed with the K-ETA payment as well. All results will be sent to the applicant’s email address.

How do I pay for the K-ETA fee?

You can use debit cards or global credit cards such as VISA, Master, JCB, or Express.

How long is the validity period of a K-ETA?

The validity period of a K-ETA is 2 years from the date of approval.

However, if the passport used for the K-ETA application expires in less than 2 years, that K-ETA approval will be valid until the passport expiration date.

In what cases do I need to re-apply for the K-ETA during the validity period?

Note that if there are any changes to your information (nationality, name, sex, date of birth, passport number, passport expiration date, infectious disease and criminal record) you are required to apply for a new K-ETA, even if the previous K-ETA is still valid.

Is there anything else I need to prepare when I am visiting Korea again within my K-ETA validity period?

Even if you are entering the Republic of Korea again within the validity of your K-ETA, you must update any changes to your purpose of entry, address in Korea or contact information through the K-ETA website (My Application Status – e-Arrival Card) before entering Korea.

The Ministry of Justice will not be responsible for any disadvantages caused due to failure of information update by the traveler.

4: Do I Need A Korea-ETA? K-ETA Exemptions

This section will detail possible exceptions to who needs to get a K-ETA, whether the K-ETA applies to transfer passengers, and other exceptions in regards to the K-ETA.

I am from a K-ETA required country but I already have a valid Korean visa. Do I need to get a K-ETA?

No. If you have a valid Korean visa, you do not need to get a K-ETA.

I am from a K-ETA required country but I am a registered foreign resident in Korea. Do I need to get a K-ETA?

No. Residence Card holders (registered foreign residents) don’t need a K-ETA.

Do flight or ship crew members need to get a K-ETA?

When a flight or ship crew member is entering the Republic of Korea as a crew member, that person does not need to get a K-ETA.

I want to travel to Jeju Island. Do I need to get a K-ETA?

No. Those who wish to travel directly only to Jeju Island do not need to get a K-ETA.

If the traveler wishes to visit other places in Korea after visiting Jeju Island, that person needs to get a K-ETA before entry.

Visiting Jeju Island In Winter I am a transfer passenger. Do I need to get a K-ETA?

No. Transfer/transit passengers who are not entering Korea do not need to get a K-ETA.

I am a transfer passenger but I need to enter the Republic of Korea for my luggage connection. In this case, am I eligible for K-ETA exemption?

No, you aren’t eligible for an exemption. If you need to go through check-in process after entering for luggage connection, you need to get a K-ETA.

I have a valid ABTC. Do I need to get a K-ETA?

No. Valid ABTC holders will be able to receive their boarding pass without a K-ETA.

Please note: An ABTC card is an APEC Business Travel Card. For more details about this card, check the link below:

APEC Business Travel Card I am a diplomatic/official passport holder and I will visit Korea for official purposes. Do I need to get a K-ETA?

In principle, diplomatic and official passport holders are required to obtain a K-ETA. However, for those who requested for K-ETA exemption through relevant organizations in advance, and received approval from the Ministry of Justice, will not be required to get a K-ETA.

I am a member of the United States Forces Korea (USFK). Do I need to get a K-ETA?

No. According to the ‘Agreement under Article IV of the Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States of America and the Republic of Korea, regarding Facilities and Areas and the Status of United States Armed Forces in the Republic of Korea (SOFA)’, members of the United States Armed Forces (USFK service members) do not need to get a K-ETA.

Please note: you will need to present your DOD ID card instead of your passport upon check-in for issuance of your boarding pass.

Do dependents of members of the United States armed forces and members of the civilian component need to get a K-ETA?

Yes. In principle, dependents of USFK members and members of the civilian component are required to obtain a K-ETA. However, those who request K-ETA exemption through the competent authorities of the United States to the Ministry of Justice, and receive approval, they may be exempt from the K-ETA requirement.

5: Problems With Your K-ETA Application

This next section deals with any potential problems you might have when applying for a K-ETA, including any mistakes and how to resolve them.

What happens if I submit false information on the K-ETA application?

In case of submitting false information, the K-ETA approval will be refused or cancelled, and that person may by subject to penalties or face entry restriction according to relevant Korean laws.

What do I do if I made a mistake on the application form?

Before submitting your application, you will be able to correct any mistakes that you made.

I received K-ETA approval with incorrect information. Will I be allowed to enter Korea?

You may face disadvantages such as entry denial. Please re-apply for your K-ETA.

Does my identification photo (face image) for my K-ETA application have to be the same as my passport photo?

No. It does not have to be the same photo, but should comply with the following conditions.

Should be in colour
Should be in image file such as JPG
Image size less than 100KB
Pixel density less than 600×600
No accessories such as hats, scarves, or sunglasses
Recommend less colorful patterned clothing
Full face, front view (75% of the image)
Eyes should be open looking straight at the camera

How will my photo and personal information that were provided upon application for the K-ETA be used?

Information provided for the K-ETA application is collected in accordance with Article 7-3 (Electronic Travel Authorization) of the Immigration Act and Article 8-3 (ETA Issuance Criteria) of the Enforcement Regulations of the Immigration Act.

Collected information will be stored in the Immigration Control Information System, and may be disclosed to other government agencies of the Republic of Korea in accordance with relevant domestic laws and regulations.

My K-ETA application was disapproved. What can I do to enter Korea?

You should visit a Korean Embassy (or Consulate) located in your jurisdiction and apply for an entry visa.

Where can I ask questions about K-ETA?

You can make inquiries online with 4 languages (Korean, English, Thai, and Russian) through the K-ETA official website ‘Ask Us’.

6: Other FAQs About The K-ETA

This final section contains some of the other frequently asked questions about the K-ETA process, when you need to apply, and how to apply.

Do I need to get a K-ETA every time I visit Korea?

No. Once you are approved for a K-ETA, you do not have to apply for 2 years. However, if the passport used for the K-ETA application expires in less than 2 years, that K-ETA approval will be valid until the passport expiration date.

If I have a K-ETA, am I allowed to work in Korea?

No. You cannot engage in profitable activities in Korea with a K-ETA. You must obtain a separate visa that allows you to work and participate in employment activities in Korea.

I am travelling with a friend, can we apply for a K-ETA together?

Yes. One applicant can apply for up to 30 people, such as family members, and can proceed with the K-ETA payment as well. The K-ETA results for each person will be sent to the applicant’s e-mail. Each applicant can also check the K-ETA approval status with the application number and passport number on the K-ETA official website.

Can I fill out the K-ETA application in any language?

No. Only English is available for filling out the K-ETA application. The questions on the application form is available in English and Korean.

During the current COVID-19 situation, who can apply for K-ETA and enter Korea?

Please see the list of the active or suspended countries at the start of this article.

During the COVID-19 situation, do I still need to submit a negative PCR test result after I receive a K-ETA?

During the COVID-19 situation, quarantine related documents such as negative PCR test results are required even if you receive K-ETA approval.

Do I Need To Self-Quarantine If I Have A K-ETA

Unless you have a quarantine exemption, or are from a country such as Singapore with a recognised Vaccinated Travel Lane (VTL), you will need to self-quarantine. Currently, the quarantine period for arrivals to South Korea is 10 days.

Still Have Questions About The K-ETA

If you’re still unsure about the K-ETA and how or why to apply for it, then feel free to join the Korea Travel Advice Facebook group and ask experienced travellers, guides, expats, and tourists who share a love for travelling in Korea.

Korea Travel Advice Group

If you think the K-ETA applies to you and you’re ready to book your K-ETA, then here’s the link to the website again:

K-ETA Website Useful Resources For Travelling To Korea

Planning a trip to Korea and want some more information, advice, or tips? Then check out some of my other articles about visiting Korea and make your trip planning a lot quicker, safer, and easier.

Budget Hotels In Myeongdong Unique Korean Experiences To Try Korean Culture & Etiquette Guide Basic Korean Phrases For Tourists Korean Season Guide

Below are some useful Korean resources that will help you to book tours, find hotels, and save money travelling Korea.

Useful Korean Resources: Tour agencies:
Klook | Trazy | Get Your Guide Hotels:
Klook | Hotellook | Booking.com Learn Korean:
90 Day Korean | Korean Class 101 Money-Saving Passes:
T-Money Card | Discover Seoul Pass Mobile Internet:
4G Sim Card & WiFi COVID-19 Travel Insurance

If you’re travelling to Korea these days, it’s good to get COVID-19 travel insurance, which will protect you from a number of problems, including cancellations, hospital care, and other unplanned problems.

A great provider of travel insurance that I personally use when travelling is World Nomads. They offer great cover and their prices are very reasonable. Click below to get a quote now.

Get Quote FAQs About The K-ETA

Here are a few final FAQs about the K-ETA that covers some of the most popular questions asked about the Korea-ETA process.

Who Needs A K-ETA?

A K-ETA is required for foreign nationals from 112 countries who intend to enter the Republic of Korea for tourism, visiting relatives, participate in events or meetings, and business purposes other than profitable activities.

How Can I Apply For The K-ETA?

You will need a valid passport, email address, and a credit or debit card to pay the K-ETA application fee. If you are applying with your PC, instead of your mobile device, you will need an identification photo for uploading your facial image. Visit the official website at www.k-eta.go.kr to apply for the K-ETA.

How Long Does The K-ETA Last?

The validity period of a K-ETA is 2 years from the date of approval. However, if the passport used for the K-ETA application expires in less than 2 years, that K-ETA approval will be valid until the passport expiration date.

Can I Use A K-ETA For Multiple Trips To Korea?

Yes. You can use the K-ETA multiple times within the 2 year validity. However, please note that if there are any changes to your information (nationality, name, sex, date of birth, passport number, passport expiration date, infectious disease and criminal record) you are required to apply for a new K-ETA, even if the previous K-ETA is still valid.

Do I Still Need To Self-Quarantine With A K-ETA?

During the COVID-19 situation, quarantine related documents such as negative PCR test results are required even if you receive K-ETA approval. Unless you have a quarantine exemption, or are from a country such as Singapore with a recognised Vaccinated Travel Lane (VTL), you will need to self-quarantine.

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숲속은성유치원 and 학원

Thu, 2021-12-02 02:33

Location:

Busan

Business/Organization Type:

Education Related

Website:

Hello

The Academy, 숲속은성유치원/학원 is looking for two new full-time teachers. One to start January 2022 and March 2022. Currently only accepting applicants already in South Korea. The school is located in Gupo-dong, Buk-gu District in Busan.

Time: 9am - 6pm. ( 25 minutes of kindergarten classes in the morning and afternoon elementary class are 50 minutes each with a 10-minute break in between. Lunch is provided by the school and you DO NOT eat lunch with the children. )

Students: Kindergarten and Elementary

Salary: 2.3 mil won

Vacation: 9 Days ( 5 days for summer vacation and 4 days for winter vacation ) and all red days ( Public Holidays )

Housing: an Apartment is available close to the school or a housing allowance of 300 000 won is given.

Teachers: The teacher has to be from one of the 7 English-speaking countries. South Africa, America, England, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and Ireland.

Visa: E-2 visa sponsorship. F-4 visa holders can also apply.

Benefits: health insurance and pension.

We are looking for someone who is already in South Korea already.

Please send your resume and a photo of yourself to the following email. [email protected]

Thank you

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Seongdeokam Hermitage – 성덕암 (Masan, Gyeongsangnam-do)

Wed, 2021-12-01 23:32

A Golden View of the Port in Masan, Gyeongsangnam-do from Seongdeokam Hermitage. Hermitage History

Seongdeokam Hermitage is located in Masan, Gyeongsangnam-do. More specifically, it’s located on the north-eastern slopes of Mt. Daegoksan (516.8 m). Seongdeokam Hermitage was first built in 1933 by the monk Baekyongseong – 백용성. The hermitage was built for the well-being of local fishermen and townspeople, which makes sense, since it’s located so close to the Masan harbor. Currently, Seongdeokam Hermitage is home to ten different buildings, gates, and shrines spread throughout the entire grounds. Like most new temples, Seongdeokam Hermitage continues to expand and grow.

Hermitage Layout

After navigating your way down some local side-streets, you’ll finally be welcomed to Seongdeokam Hermitage by a three-in-one modern shrine hall. Around the exterior walls to this multi-purpose building, at least at the entry, are various incarnations dedicated to Gwanseeum-bosal (The Bodhisattva of Compassion).

It’s just to the left of this building, and taking a right in the bend in the road, that you’ll backtrack towards the three-in-one shrine hall. The first thing to greet you at this building is the hermitage’s kitchen. Just a little further along, and you’ll next come to a passageway that will direct you towards the hermitage’s main hall, the Daeung-jeon Hall. Before stepping inside the Daeung-jeon Hall, take a step out onto the terraced area that gives you an amazing view of the shimmering port off in the distance. The view is especially beautiful in the early morning hours.

As for the Daeung-jeon Hall, and stepping inside this shrine hall, you’ll find a statue of Seokgamoni-bul (The Historical Buddha) resting all alone on the main altar. He’s joined on either side, under their own canopies (datjib), by Gwanseeum-bosal to the left and Jijang-bosal (The Bodhisattva of the Afterlife) to the right. But it’s the Shinjung Taenghwa (Guardian Mural) and Gamno-do (Sweet Dew Mural) that are the highlights of the Daeung-jeon Hall. First, the Shinjung Taenghwa almost appears cartoonish in its design. As for the Gamno-do, it follows the traditional form of a Gamno-do mural: it has three sections. The upper and middle sections follow the traditional standards of the genre with Buddhas and Bodhisattvas in the upper section and an Agwi (Hungry Ghost) in the middle section. However, where the Gamno-do mural at Seongdeokam Hermitage diverges is in the bottom portion of the painting. Instead of realistically portraying the six realms of existence in some ancient or mythical form, the Gamno-do mural at Seongdeokam Hermitage is firmly rooted in the past fifty years of world history. More precisely, instead of having people that might look like they inhabit a world centred around a Goryeo or Joseon Dynasty time frame, we see images of those people that have shaped our world in the present. In the mural, rather remarkably, you’ll see painted images of Osama Bin Laden, George W. Bush, 9/11, the DMZ, the Vietnam War in the form of the famous picture of the national police chief of South Vietnam executing a Vietcong fighter, the Gwangju Uprising from May 18th to 27th, 1980, and the famine in Africa during the 1980s. It truly is something special and a one-off.

To the rear of the three-in-one shrine hall structure is the Gwaneum-jeon Hall. Housed inside the Gwaneum-jeon Hall, you’ll find beautiful paper lotus flowers hanging from the ceiling. And resting on the main altar, you’ll find a multi-armed and headed statue dedicated to Gwanseeum-bosal.

The final set of shrine halls at Seongdeokam Hermitage are located to the left, rear of the three-in-one shrine hall that includes the Daeung-jeon Hall. Just past the monks’ dorms, and housed a little further up the hillside, is the Samseong-gak Hall, the Sanshin-gak Hall, and the Yongwang-dang Hall. The largest of the three is the Samseong-gak Hall. This shaman shrine hall houses a triad of paintings. In the centre hangs an older Chilseong (Seven Stars) mural. This painting is joined to the right by a more modern Chilseong painting; while to the right, you’ll find mural dedicated to Dokseong (The Lonely Saint).

The final two shrine halls at Seongdeokam Hermitage, which looks more like shipping containers with their large, heavy metal entry doors, is the Sanshin-gak Hall and the Yongwang-dang Hall. Housed inside the Sanshin-gak Hall is an atypically painted mural of Sanshin who looks almost elfish in appearance. But you be the judge.

How To Get There

From the Masan Intercity Bus Terminal, you’ll need to take Bus #101. You can take this bus or Bus #122 at the Daeshin Bookstore, which is situated just outside the terminal. You’ll then need to take either bus for ten stops and get off at the Burim Market stop. From this stop, you’ll need to walk towards the neighbouring hillside for ten minutes to get to Seongdeokam Hermitage.

Overall Rating: 6/10

Seongdeokam Hermitage is home to quite a few unique features like the modern Gamno-do (Sweet Dew Mural) with the likes of Osama Bin Laden and George Bush on it. Additionally, you should have a look for the elfish Sanshin (Mountain Spirit) mural and the ornate Gwanseeum-bosal (The Bodhisattva of Compassion) statue inside the Gwaneum-jeon Hall. And to top it all off, the hermitage enjoys a beautiful scenic view of the neighbouring port of Masan.

A look towards the three-in-one main hall at Seongdeokam Hermitage. The view from the Daeung-jeon Hall towards Masan. The main altar inside the Daeung-jeon Hall. The cartoonish Shinjung Taenghwa inside the Daeung-jeon Hall. The highly unique modern Gamno-do (Sweet Dew Mural). Another look from the Daeung-jeon Hall. Inside the Gwaneum-jeon Hall with a look at the Bodhisattva of Compassion. A Punggyeong (Fish-shaped Wind Chime) hanging from the eaves of the Daeung-jeon Hall. A look up towards the Samseong-gak Hall. The entry to the Sanshin-gak Hall. With an elfish image of Sanshin (The Mountain Spirit) inside. —

KoreanTempleGuide.com

Dale's Korean Temple Adventures YouTube

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~다기보다는 "Rather" | Live Class Abridged

Wed, 2021-12-01 16:41

This past Sunday I did a live stream about the grammar form ~다기보다(는), which is also ~(이)라기보다(는). This form is used to describe things, and shows that the description that comes after this form is better than what comes before it. There are several ways to translate it, including "rather."

The post ~다기보다는 "Rather" | Live Class Abridged appeared first on Learn Korean with GO! Billy Korean.

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~다기보다는 "Rather" | Live Class Abridged

Wed, 2021-12-01 14:00

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Moving sale - Bike

Wed, 2021-12-01 12:52

Classified Ad Type:

For Sale Items

Location:

Busan

Neighborhood: BexcoContact person by email

Foldable - Height adjustable Bike - Very less used - almost like new.

150,000 KRW / OBO

https://www.flickr.com/photos/194532021@N04/shares/A75T5o

https://www.flickr.com/photos/194532021@N04/shares/3a2qPA

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Enjoy 30s Korean-- | 4. Do you like Korean food? #shorts

Wed, 2021-12-01 07:09

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Free chairs

Wed, 2021-12-01 04:40

Classified Ad Type:

For Sale Items

Location:

Busan

Neighborhood: Myeongjang (Dongnae Gu)Contact person by email

Two heavy wooden chairs. Ones been repaired at some point but is very solid still. Pick up near exit 2 in Myeongjang (in Dongnae Gu)

0102104nineteen84

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Categories: Worldbridges Megafeed

Korean classes in December!

Wed, 2021-12-01 02:14

Classified Ad Type:

Learning Exchanges

Location:

Busan

Neighborhood: pnu haeundae seomyon ksu bsu jangsanContact person by email

Busan's Korean Language Institute For Foreigners (KLIFF) is offering classes for everyone. Make a change by learning Korean this season. The teachers at KLIFF can help!

Think it takes a year to speak Korean well? Think again! In just a month we can get you speaking with the locals!

KLIFF is located in two convenient locations: PNU and Haeundae.

We have as many as 9 levels of Korean ability for you to choose from. We also offer special lectures targeted toward the Korean proficiency test.

We're open from 9 a.m. to 10 p.m. Monday through Saturday, and available Sunday, too!

Questions or need directions? Feel free to call us any time at 010-9108-6594, or email to [email protected]. You can also check us out at www.kliff.co.kr.
See the map below to our PNU location, call or see our website for Haeundae classes.

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Busan's Korean Language Institute For Foreigners (KLIFF) is offering classes for everyone. Make a change by learning Korean this season. The teachers at KLIFF can help!

Think it takes a year to speak Korean well? Think again! In just a month we can get you speaking with the locals!

KLIFF is located in two convenient locations: PNU and Haeundae.

We have as many as 9 levels of Korean ability for you to choose from. We also offer special lectures targeted toward the Korean proficiency test.

We're open from 9 a.m. to 10 p.m. Monday through Saturday, and available Sunday, too!

Categories: Worldbridges Megafeed

2004 Samsung SM524

Tue, 2021-11-30 19:15

Classified Ad Type:

For Sale Items

Location:

Busan

Neighborhood: NamcheonContact person by email

2004 Samsung S524 ($2900), 112,000km (69,593Miles). SOFA registered

I bought this a few months ago while I waited for my car to be shipped here. I spent more to repair this and make it a dependable than what I’m selling it for (All New: tires, rear brakes, a few front-end bushings, battery, and all coil packs & spark plugs). I drive this anywhere in Korea. Now, my other car is here and I don’t need this one any longer.

Categories: Worldbridges Megafeed

Korean games – Activities enjoyed by children and grown-ups

Tue, 2021-11-30 08:07

Korean Games have recently become quite famous with people all around the globe. This is because of the popularity of the Korean TV series on Netflix, Squid Game, which has risen to worldwide fame nearly overnight. The show features many popular Korean games played by children, so perhaps it’s the best time to learn about them too.

So, what are those games presented in Squid Game actually like? And are there other popular games in Korea you might be interested to know about? This article will go over different games, from traditional and popular childhood games to modern-day games!

Korean Traditional Games

Even with South Korea’s modernization, its culture is still preserved today and is evident in Koreans’ daily lives. That includes the traditional games that are still enjoyed in Korea. We’ll discuss some of them below.

History of Korea’s traditional games

Traditional South Korean games have their roots in old folk beliefs. As the Korean peninsula has been driven by agriculture since the ancient days, Korean people have had strong beliefs in gods that protect their nature and lands. Singing and dancing were popular activities, and even exorcisms were performed to ensure and increase the volume of crops and the well-being of animals.

Popular traditional games in Korea

Through the beliefs and activities in this early period, traditional games were created. And they continue to be popular games even today, although many of those beliefs are no longer present. But what kind of traditional games exactly exist in Korea? Let’s find out.

Yutnori (윷놀이)

Yutnori is one of the most popular traditional games in Korea, most commonly played on the first day of the Lunar New Year. It is played with four wooden sticks, which operate similarly to dice. Each player or team will take turns throwing the yut sticks, which are round on one side and flat on the other.

There are five different possible combinations the player can get when throwing the sticks: do, gae, geol, yut, and mo. If the player manages to throw the “yut” combination, they get to throw the sticks again. The sticks are thrown over a board game, the combination and landing of the sticks determining how the player or team gets to move their pieces on the board.

For example, if the piece lands on a space that the opponent is already occupied, the piece will have to be returned to the start. But if the piece lands on a space that belongs to the own team, the pieces will go together, making them unite into one piece. The team that has first managed to move all of their own four pieces around the board will win.

Ssireum (씨름)

This is a Korean folk style of wrestling, with many similarities to Japanese sumo wrestling. In a fight, two players will wrestle each other in a sandy ring, and points are scored whenever the player can throw the opponent onto the ground. In modern-day ssireum wrestling, both opponents will wear a belt (called satba, 샅바) around their waist and their leg, and the opponent will typically lock onto this belt to throw the other player onto the ground.

Yeonnalligi (연날리기)

Yeonnalligi or kite flying is a traditional game activity to do in the winter season. Traditionally it was an especially popular activity between Lunar New Year and Daeboreum, the first full moon of the new lunar year. Today kite flying is not as common anymore as back in the day, but it is still done to some extent.

Neolttwigi (널뛰기)

This is an outdoor activity that is similar to a seesaw. However, instead of sitting, players will stand on each opposite ends. They will then take turns jumping on the board, resulting in the other participant getting propelled into the air.

Photo credit: https://focusasiatravel.com/

Neolttwigi is especially popular among girls and is played during different holidays, such as Lunar New Year and Chuseok. Performances utilizing the neolttwigi board are also held occasionally; in these performances, acrobatic tricks are performed.

Jegichagi (제기차기)

Jegichagi is very similar to a hacky sack, as you will kick the “jegi” in the air among a group of people, trying to keep it from dropping onto the ground. Of course, the player with the most kicks wins, and jegichagi can be enjoyed as a solo game as well.

Unlike the footbag in a hacky sack, jegi is made out of paper, which is then wrapped around a coin. Its appearance is closer to badminton’s shuttlecock. This is another wintertime activity for young people, especially popular to play over Lunar New Year’s holiday.

Juldarigi (줄다리기)

This is the Korean version of “tug of war,” and if you’ve watched the recent Netflix success show Squid Game, you may have seen it played. Of course, in reality, you are supposed to simply enjoy juldarigi, not play for life or death!

Juldarigi is a traditional game commonly played at festivals as well as community gatherings, and besides being a popular and fun game, it has quite a deep-rooted traditional and ritualistic meaning, especially to agricultural communities.

For example, the outcome of the game is assumed to predict the year’s upcoming harvest. The game is played with two ropes, made from rice straws, which are connected by a peg in the center, with the two teams pulling at the ropes from opposite sides.

What are the other games played in Squid Game?

Alongside 줄다기리, the popular Netflix series Squid Game featured some other popular games for children as well. Here are some of them.

Mugunghwa Flower has bloomed (무궁화꽃이 피었습니다)

This game was shown in the very first episode of Squid Game, and is called Mugunghwa Flower has bloomed (무궁화꽃이 피었습니다, mugunghwakkotchi pieosseumnida). Even if you grew up outside of Korea, you may remember a similar game from your childhood: “Red Light, Green Light.”

In this game, one player is chosen as “it” and stands at the end of the playing field, with their back turned to the other players. While keeping their back to the other players, the “it” player will yell out “green light,” signaling it is okay to move to the others.

But when they yell out “red light” and turn around, the players in the field are supposed to stop moving. If the chosen player sees anyone moving, that player is out of the game. The person who first reaches the chosen player will be the new “it” for the next round.

In the Korean version of the game, instead of green or red light, the players may be able to move while the chosen player sings the words “mugunghwa flower has bloomed”. Therefore, they are also supposed to stop moving once the player has finished singing. Otherwise, the mechanics of the game remain the same.

Dalgona Challenge

In this game, the contestants each receive a flat candy made out of melted sugar and baking soda, resembling a honeycomb. Each candy has one of four possible figures crafted on them. The purpose then is to pull out the figure without breaking it. In Squid Game, the figures shown were a triangle, circle, star, and umbrella.

This is a game that was created by street vendors who sold these candies between the 1950s and 1960s. In the original game, each kid who could pull out the figure from their Dalgona candy would receive a free bonus treat. Here’s an actual Dalgona candy used for Dalgona Game that you can find in convenience stores in Korea.

Ttakji (딱지)

This wasn’t formally played within the game itself, but ttakji was introduced in the first episode of the drama on the scene with Gong Yoo and Lee Jung Jae’s characters. It is played with folded paper tiles, with the purpose being to slam your own tile on the opponent’s tile so that it turns over. If they are successful, they get to keep the tile they turned over. This game is also called Korean Pogs.

What are some modern games played in South Korea?

While many traditional games from the past are still enjoyed today, of course, every generation has also come up with a game of their own. You may have seen some of them played on Korean dramas and variety shows. Here are some of them.

Photo credit: https://wikiwand.com/

Cham Cham Cham

This is a two-player game that you’ve probably seen on at least one variety show before. It’s an incredibly simple game; all you have to do is face the other player and then point left or right.

If the other player turns their head in the same direction you have pointed, you win. Simple as that!

Cockfighting (닭싸움 | dakssaum)

Cockfighting is more of physical competition. Each player has to stand on one leg, grabbing their hands around their other ankle. Then, while hopping on one leg, each player will try to knock their opponent off balance. The last one still standing in the correct position wins.

Rock Paper Scissors (가위 바위 보 | gawi bawi bo)

Although it has its own name in Korea, 가위 바위 보 is a game known everywhere in the world. In Korea, it also works with the same rules. The players will shake their fists and then reveal one of the three symbols, with rock winning over scissors, scissors winning over paper, and paper winning over rock.

Rock Paper Scissors – with a twist (묵지빠 | mukjippa)

묵지빠 (mukjippa) is a version of rock paper scissors. In it, three rounds of 가위 바위 보 are played. The winner of the third round then gets to be an attacker, where the purpose is to get the opponent to throw in the same hand as the attacker. If the attacker and defender have the same hand, the attacker wins the game.

Spinning Top Game (팽이 놀이 | paengi nori)

Did you ever watch the anime Beyblade? It’s an old children’s series with origins in Japan and Korea, which was shown across the world in the early 2000s. If you’ve watched it, you know this game already, and perhaps even had your own spinning tops growing up!

The purpose of the game is to pull the winger of your spinning top so that once the spinning top releases, it will either spin longer or knock down your opponent’s spinning top.

Korean drinking games

Koreans love playing different kinds of games, and this is present even when a group goes out to drink together. These particular games are fun to play together with many people, even if no alcohol is involved.

Flick the Cap

This is a classic drinking game played when drinking soju. Once the bottle has been opened, the strip at the end of the soju cap is twisted until it’s close to coming off, and then each player will take turns to flick the strip. The one who flicks the strip off is the loser and will have to drink a shot.

High/Low

Once the strip has been flicked off, the fun that you can have with the soju bottle cap doesn’t end yet. Hidden inside the bottle cap is a number, which this game can be played with. The person who lost the previous game now gets to see the number, and the other players guess. The possible numbers are anywhere between 1 and 100, and with each guess, the person knowing the number will say “higher” or “lower.”

This depends on whether the guess was a number lower or higher than the number in the cap. For example, the number in the bottle is 12, and someone guesses 30. The person knowing the number will say “lower”, making the possible range now 1 to 29. Depending on the rules you play with, either the person guessing the correct number will drink, or everyone else will.

Instinct Game (눈치게임 | nunchigeim)

This is a game of numbers, sort of. One player will start by saying “1”, then one player will say “2”, and so on. There is no specific order the players will say the number. The point is to assume nobody else will say the number. If two players simultaneously speak out a number, for example, “3” after 1 and 2 have been said, they lose and will have to have a drink, and then the game will begin from number 1 again.

Baskin Robbins 31

Baskin Robbins is not only a delicious and popular ice cream chain in Korea, but a drinking game also carries the same name. In this game, players will sit in a circle, and unlike in the above game, each will take a turn to say a number in a designated order. It’s possible to call out up to 3 numbers at once. Each round of the game finishes with the loser having to call out “31” and drinking.

3-6-9 (삼육구| samyukgu)

Finally, another popular drinking game that goes by numbers! Each player will once again take a turn to say a number, going from 1 until indefinitely, in a specific order. However, the catch is, whenever the number has “3” or “6” or “9” in it, instead of calling out the number, the player whose turn it is, is supposed to clap.

If they accidentally call out the number, they lose the game and will have to drink. The game will go on for as long as someone slips up with that number or forgets which number comes next.

Have you had fun learning about these games in Korea with us today? Do similar games exist in your country? Hopefully, you’ll get to play some of these fun games when you’re in Korea next time, or even in your home country with your friends or family. Let us know in the comments if you’ve already had a chance to try some of these games, from traditional to drinking games!

The post Korean games – Activities enjoyed by children and grown-ups appeared first on 90 Day Korean®.

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Excess, Invasion and the Tripitaka – The Goryeo Dynasty (918-1392)

Mon, 2021-11-29 23:27

The Goryeo Dynasty in 1389. (Picture Courtesy of Wikipedia) Early Goryeo – 918-1000

At the end of the Unified Silla Dynasty (668-935 A.D.), there was a lot of political turmoil and chaos. As a result of this political instability, the Silla Dynasty was highly weakened and vulnerable. Specifically, the loss of control over local lords at the end of the 9th century led the nation into civil war. Under the rebellious leadership of Gung Ye (869 – 918 A.D.) and Gyeon Hwon (867 – 936 A.D.), they formed two independent states. Gyeon Hwon formed Hubaekje (meaning Later Baekje), while Gung Ye established Hugoguryeo (meaning Later Goguryeo). It was under these tumultuous conditions that Wang Geon, a subject of Gung Ye, overthrew his Hugoguryeo leader. In doing this, Wang Geon established the Goryeo Dynasty (918-1392) in the former Baekje and Goguryeo territories in 918 A.D.. With this, Wang Geon ascended the Goryeo throne and became known as King Taejo of Goryeo (r. 918-943 A.D.). In 935 A.D., King Gyeongsun of Silla, who reigned from 927-935 A.D., surrendered to King Taejo of Goryeo. Then, in 936 A.D., King Taejo of Goryeo destroyed the last rebellious vestiges of Hubaekje. With this, Goryeo reigned over an entirely unified Korean peninsula.

As a devout Buddhist, King Taejo of Goryeo continued to promote Buddhism. Not only this, but Buddhism continued to prosper as the national religion. King Taejo of Goryeo believed that the formation of the Goryeo nation was made possible because of Buddhist laws and teachings. As a result, King Taejo of Goryeo fully encouraged the construction of temples and pagodas throughout the Korean peninsula, especially around the Goryeo capital of Kaeseong. However, not only was Korean Buddhism believed to be a nation builder, but it was also believed to be a state-protector and a guide in how to rule over the Goryeo nation. Specifically, these guiding principles can be observed in the Mahayana sutra of “Inwang Hoguk Banya Gyeong,” or “The Humane King Sutra” in English, when it states, “If the people are threatened by disasters such as invasion, disease, drought, or flood, the king should keep and read this sutra and open practicing places to make offerings, praising the Buddhas, Bodhisattvas, and holy statues. If this is done, then Buddhas and Bodhisattvas will protect the nation, the king, and the people forever.” The state protecting nature and ruling ideology brought forth by Korean Buddhism was especially important at this time in Korean history because of repeated foreign invasion by the likes of the Khitan and Mongols all across the Korean peninsula. And it was King Taejo of Goryeo’s belief that Buddhism would help solidify the nation’s security and prosperity. This is further emphasized by the “Ten Rules” or “Hunyo-sipjo” in Korean, that the Goryeo government used to govern the nation. In the very first rule, it states, “The great task of a nation should be based on the help of Buddha. Therefore, build monasteries and let masters carry out their work.” Not only was Buddhism the state religion, but it was an integral part of the entire Goryeo nation.

King Taejo of Goryeo (r. 918-943 A.D.). (Picture Courtesy of Wikipedia).

Religiously, King Taejo of Goryeo allowed for the development of both Seon (meditation) and Gyo (doctrinal) sects equally. This allowed for the balanced growth of Korean Buddhist belief. And because King Taejo of Goryeo respected and believed in Buddhism, he allowed for Indian monks to visit Goryeo. This allowed for the exchange of Buddhist beliefs and culture.

The tradition that King Taejo of Goryeo established early in Goryeo rule was the establishment of Buddhist institutions like temples and hermitages. This tradition was passed on to future kings. All Goryeo kings were devout Buddhists, so they also engaged in building temples, offering food to monks, and performing various Buddhist rituals. So revered were Buddhist monks in Goryeo society, that they occupied privileged positions in court. It was King Gwangjong of Goryeo (r. 949-975 A.D.) that really promoted Buddhist services both to early Goryeo kings, as well as to his subjects. Buddhist services at this time were becoming excessive, so King Seongjong of Goryeo (r. 981-997 A.D.) ordered restrictions to be placed on these Buddhist ritual services. However, these restrictions were but a fleeting moment as King Mokjong of Goryeo (r. 997-1009) quickly reversed the restrictions on Buddhist ritual services and allowed for the excesses of these services to return, once more.

Of note, it was just prior to Goryeo rule that one of Korean Buddhism’s greatest innovation was popularized. The monk Doseon-guksa (827-898 A.D.) practiced geomancy, or “Pungsu-jiri” in Korean. Pungsu-jiri interprets the topography of the land, which then determines the fate of future events and the strength of a nation. As a result, temples and hermitages were built on land that was thought to be auspicious. Once more, the state of the Goryeo nation, good or bad, was closely linked to Buddhism, and this would be one of the most influential teachings guiding the future of Goryeo Buddhism.

Mid Goryeo – 1000-1199

Great excess and historic feats were completed during the middle period of the Goryeo Dynasty from 1000 to 1199. During the reign of King Hyeonjong of Goryeo (r. 1009-1031), the Lotus Lantern Ceremony was revived, and a number of Buddhist temples were continually being built. At this time, there was a continued belief that personal and national well-being was assured through pious acts as interpreted by Buddhist teachings. This deep respect that Goryeo had for Buddhism led to the establishment of exams for monks, which were based on the state civil service exam. King Jeongjong of Goryeo (r. 1034-1046) allowed for every one in four sons to become a monk, which was an increase from the previous one in five sons. As a result, many royal princes became monks, with the addition of aristocrats, as well. This helped increase the number of monks throughout the nation.

With the stability of the nation slowly taking shape, the ritualization of Goryeo Buddhism reached its peak. Once more, the household monk policy was lowered. Now, one in three sons could become a Buddhist monk. It is also at this time that monks received land allotments from the Goryeo government. Monks were also exempt from compulsory national labour duties, which also helped raise the national monk population. Temples also continued to increase their land through royal and aristocratic donations, commendation by peasants, and outright seizure of land. And because Buddhist land enjoyed tax exemption, Buddhism, as an organized religion, grew more and more powerful economically. They further increased their wealth by setting up Buddhist endowments, relief granaries, wine-making facilities, and the raising of livestock. And to protect all of their financial and material interests, temples trained their monks as soldiers.

It was at this time of Buddhism excesses that several monks rose up to combat the excessiveness of wealth and ritualization found in Buddhism. For them, this excessiveness created an unhealthy and hostile environment that stunted the development of personal and collective Buddhist thought. One such monk was Uicheon (1055-1101). Uicheon was the fourth son of King Munjong of Joseon (r. 1046-1083). Uicheon collected about four thousand volumes of Buddhist texts while studying in China. It is from these texts, when he returned to the Korean peninsula, that the first set of the Tripitaka Koreana were completed in 1087. This set was comprised of the Buddhist scriptural canon in Chinese translation. Tragically, this first edition was destroyed by fire by the invading Mongol army in 1232. But in 1251, a mere nineteen years after the first set had been destroyed, was a second set of the Tripitaka Koreana completed. The white birch used to create the 81,258 blocks that comprise the Buddhist scriptural canon came from Wan-do Island in Jeollanam-do, and Geoje-do in Gyeongsangnam-do. The head office for the carving of these blocks was at Seonwonsa Temple in Ganghwa-do Island, and the branch office was in the Namhae area of Gyeongsangnam-do. Presently, the second edition of the Tripitaka Koreana is housed at Haeinsa Temple near Hapcheon, Gyeongsangnam-do. The Haeinsa Temple Tripitaka Koreana collection is the oldest and most accurate in the world.

The Tripitaka Koreana at Haeinsa Temple in Hapcheon, Gyeongsangnam-do from 2005. And a closer look at the woodblocks at Haeinsa Temple from 2007.

In addition to this remarkable contribution to Korean, and worldwide, Buddhism, Uicheon also attempted to reconcile the national Buddhist sect divide in Goryeo. Because King Taejo allowed for both Seon (meditative) and Gyo (doctrinal) sects to develop together, they also developed an antagonism against the other. In an attempt to reconcile these differences, Uicheon mixed elements of Seon with Gyo and added in a little of the Avatamsaka teachings to produce the new Buddhist sect called Cheontae Buddhism. And while it became a force in its own right, it did little to ease the tension between the different Buddhist sects.

During the reign of King Uijong of Goryeo (r. 1146-1170), Buddhist services revolved around praying for good fortune. It is also at this time that monks started to take advantage of the royal court, and King Uijong of Goryeo in particular. Temples were now directly competing with each other to gain considerable financial favour from the royal court and aristocrats. As a result, a lot of unspeakable damage occurred both materially and socially at this time.

During the early reign of King Myeongjong of Goryeo (r. 1170-1197), there was a military rebellion headed by the Lee brothers: Junui and Uibang. They both supported the young king; however, they were drawn into the internal politics of the time. Because the national religion was Buddhism, the military wanted its support. But because Buddhism was divided into two powerful sects, the Seon and Gyo, the two sects supported the military differently. While Seon supported the military, Gyo did not. Once again, the tension between the two Buddhist sects grew. And this divide wouldn’t be reconciled for years to come.

Interestingly, it is also under King Myeongjong of Goryeo’s reign, during the fifth year of his rule, that the excesses of Buddhism were curtailed once more. This time, the king prohibited drinking and luxurious items from temples like gold and silver Buddha and Bodhisattva statues. But like his royal predecessors, King Myeongjong of Goryeo would also fail to completely curtail the excesses of Buddhism as the years to come would prove.

Late Goryeo – 1200-1392

The excesses of early to mid Buddhism during the Goryeo years would result in some wide ranging changes to the national religion both socially and economically. But those changes were still on the horizon in 1200. For the time being, excessive Buddhist ceremonies, economic power, and monk privilege still reigned in the early part of the latter stages of Goryeo rule.

With nearly thirty years of resistance, the Goryeo government, under King Gojong of Goryeo (r. 1213-1259) fell; in its place stood a Goryeo government controlled by the Mongols. It is at this time that the belief in Buddhism as a national protector weakened. Gradually, the mood to expel the excessive nature of Korean Buddhism began to grow.

During this time, there started to occur a growing acceptance of Confucianism, which brought a rational approach to the problems of human affairs. However, at this time, Confucianism didn’t reject Buddhism. It wasn’t until the later Neo-Confucianists that this rejection occurred. Instead, at this point in history, Buddhism dealt with the salvation of the immortal soul, while Confucianism focused on earthly affairs. As a result, a lot of men were well versed in both Confucianism and Buddhism.

With a growing dissatisfaction in both Confucianism and Buddhism by the new literati, Neo-Confucian doctrine started to replace both. Neo-Confucianism is a philosophical doctrine based on Confucianism, which explains the origins of humans and the universe in a metaphorical way. And with this turn came the increasing rejection of Korean Buddhism. At first, the rejection of Buddhism by the Neo-Confucians was mainly aimed at the excessive nature of Buddhist services. And the way that Neo-Confucians went about attacking Buddhism was to attack these excessive abuses, rather than attacking the Buddhist belief system. These excessive abuses, other than Buddhist services, were the wealth and power of temples, as well as the misconduct of monks.

However, at this very same time, there were still positive elements of the Buddhist faith occurring in Goryeo. One positive aspect is that some of Korea’s oldest history books appear at this time, like “Lives of Eminent Korean Monks,” or “Haedong Goseung Cheon” in Korean, which was written in 1215. Also, the Samguk Yusa, or “Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms” in English, was written at this time by the Buddhist monk Iryeon (1206-1289).

In addition to these writings, foreign Buddhist monks came to visit Goryeo. Many monks from Yuan China came, and vice versa. And in 1276, monks from Tibet arrived in Goryeo. They were called the “Teachers of the King,” as King Chungnyeol of Goryeo (r. 1274-1308) specifically asked for them to pray for the health and good fortune of his daughter, the princess. Unfortunately, and further damaging the image and reputation of Buddhism during this time, these Tibetan monks ate meat and drank alcohol. Already having a negatively viewed image in the eyes of public opinion, these Tibetan Buddhist monks certainly didn’t help the situation.

The positive attitude towards Korean Buddhism really started to change in the royal court during King Chungseon of Goryeo’s reign from 1308-1313. He made a new law that stated, “It’s a law that if one becomes a monk, then one should bow neither to a king above nor to the parents below. As such, do not appoint a monk to an official post regardless of his greatness.” This law attempted to curb Buddhism’s power in Goryeo. This was furthered by a comment made by Lee Saek, a public official, when he stated, “Monks did damage to civilians through laziness and idle life, and it shakes the nation’s power.” Already, the tides of change had started to affect Korean Buddhism. Its negative image was about to enter the Dark Ages of the Joseon Dynasty years.

In the final few years of Goryeo rule, King Gongmin of Goryeo (1351-1374) prohibited people from randomly becoming monks in 1361. And during King Gongyang of Goryeo’s reign, 1389-1392, women were no longer allowed to visit temples. The argument that opponents of Buddhism had in the waning years of Goryeo were against Buddhist doctrine. Neo-Confucians now believed that Buddhist doctrine to be worthless and vain. It was with this attitude towards Buddhism that Goryeo Dynasty ended, and the Joseon Dynasty began.

The Janggyeongpan-jeon that house the Tripitaka Koreana (Palman Daejanggyeong) at Haeinsa Temple in Hapcheon, Gyeongsangnam-do from 2018. —

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What happened to the ㄴ/ㄹ? Simplifying 두음법칙 | Korean FAQ

Mon, 2021-11-29 16:21

I was recently asked by a viewer to explain the concept of 두음법칙, and that's when I noticed there weren't yet any videos about it in English.

두음법칙 is a set of rules for how to read Hanja words - specifically it's for when the Hanja word begins with the letters ㄹ or ㄴ. This is a specific case, but happens frequently when reading Hanja words using Korean. It is why the word 여자 isn't read as 녀자 despite the Hanja word for 女 being read as 녀, and also why 소녀 isn't 소여. It's why 용 ("dragon") isn't read as 룡, when the Hanja word is 룡.

The post What happened to the ㄴ/ㄹ? Simplifying 두음법칙 | Korean FAQ appeared first on Learn Korean with GO! Billy Korean.

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